Chapter 41 Musculoskeletal Flashcards
(67 cards)
1
Q
Fracture definition
A
Break in the continuity of a bone
2
Q
Open vs Closed Fracure
A
- Open: passes through skin
- Closed: does not pass through skin
3
Q
Compound fracture
A
Broken in multiple places
4
Q
Types of Fractures (11)
A
- Linear -Bowing
- Oblique -Pathological
- Spiral -Stress
- Transverse -Fatigue
- Greenstick -Transchondral
- Torus
5
Q
Symptoms of Fractures (7)
A
- Unnatural alignment
- Swelling
- Muscle spasm
- Tenderness
- Pain
- Impaired sensation
- Decreased mobility
6
Q
Fracture Treatments
A
- Immobilization
- Closed manipulation
- Traction
- Open reduction
- Internal and external fixation
- Improper reduction
- Immobilization
7
Q
Fracture Complications (8)
A
- Shock
- Fat embolism
- Delayed union
- Nonunion
- Malunion
- DVT
- Nerve injury
- PE
8
Q
Compartment Syndrome
A
Decreased perfusion to muscle tissue from construction by a cast or dressing
9
Q
6 P’s of Assessing Compartment Syndrome
A
- Paresthesia
- Pallor
- Pain
- Pressure
- Paralysis
- Pulselessness
10
Q
Dislocation
A
Displacement or one or more bones in a joint
11
Q
Subluxation
A
-Contact between articular surfaces is only partially lost
12
Q
RICE
A
- Rest
- Ice
- Compression
- Elevation
13
Q
If a sprain is severe enough it may require what?
A
Surgical repair or casting
14
Q
Rhabdomylosis defined as…
A
-Rapid breakdown of muscle that causes the release of intracellular contents
15
Q
Rhabdomyolysis can cause what (2)
A
- Acute renal failure
- Electrolyte imbalances
16
Q
How is Rhabdomyolysis diagnosed?
A
When CK/Trop levels are 5-10x the upper limit of normal (1000units/L)
17
Q
Osteoporosis is defined as…
A
Poorly mineralized bone and increased risk of fractures due to alterations in bone micro architecture
18
Q
Osteoporosis bone is describes as what?
A
Spongy
19
Q
Causes of osteoporosis (
A
- Endocrine dysfunction
- Medication
- Vitamin D deficiency
- Underlying diseases
- Abnormal BMI
20
Q
Causes/Risk Factors for Osteoporosis (6)
A
- Small bone structure
- Sex hormone deficiency (menopause)
- Cigarette smoking
- Alcohol abuse
- Low calcium and Vitamin D
- Sedentary lifestyle or immobility
21
Q
Osteoporosis Symptoms
A
- Fractures (vertebrae, wrists, hips)
- Low back pain
- Neck pain
- Bone pain or tenderness
- Loss of height over time
- Stooped posture
22
Q
Osteoporosis treatment (2)
A
- Weight bearing exercise
- Increase calcium
23
Q
Post menopausal osteoporosis (4)
A
- Middle-aged and older women
- Estrogen deficiency
- Increased Ned for Calcium and Vit D
- Remodeling imbalance
24
Q
Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (2)
A
- Type of secondary osteoporosis
- Glucocorticoids improve osteoclast survival
25
Osteoporosis Diagnostic Testing Gold Standard
Dual X-Ray Absorptionmetry (DXA)
26
DXA Normal Range Normal Bone
833mg/cm2
27
Osteopenic bone DXA range
833-648 mg/cm2
28
Osteoporosis DXA range
<648 mg/cm2
29
Piaget Disease of Bone definition
- Chronic accelerated remodeling of spongy bone
- Symptomless
- Bowing of legs
- Fractres
30
Causes of Piaget Disease of Bone
-Early viral infection and genetic causes likely
31
Symptoms of Pagets Disease (9)
- Bone pain -Fracture
- Joint pain -Neck pain
- Headache -Reduced height
- Bowing of the legs -Hearing loss
- Warmth of skin
32
Osteomyelitis definition
- Bone infection often caused by bacteria
| - Stahylococcus aureus
33
Hematogeous Osteomyelitis
Pathogens are carried through the bloodstream
34
Brodie abscesses
Characterize subacute or chronic osteomyelitis
35
Osteomyelitis treatment
- Antibiotics
- Debridement
- Surgery
- Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
36
Osteoarthritis where is the problem?
The cartilage that cushions the ends of bones
37
Osteoarthritis is characterized by (2)
- Loss and damage of articular cartilage
| - New bone formation of joint margins
38
Two types of bone formations that are associated with osteoarthritis (2)
Heberden’s and Bushard’s
39
Osteoarthritis Risk Factors (3)
- Increased age
- Joint trauma
- Obesity
40
Symptoms of osteoarthritis (2)
- Pain that worsens with activity
| - Stiffness that diminishes with activity
41
Rheumatoid Arthritis Definition
- Autoimmune disease
| - Systemic damage to connective tissue, primarily in the joints (synovial membrane)
42
RA manifestations (8)
- Inflammation -Weight loss
- Fever -Generalized aching
- Fatigue -Siffness
- Weakness
- Anorexia
43
RA experiences what tell tale sign in the wrists?
Ulnar drift
44
RA is diagnosed with what lab values
Autoantibodies (RF)
45
RA Evaluation
- 4 or more of the following
- Morning stiffness lasting at least one hour
- Arthritis in 3 or more areas
- Arthritis of the hand joints
- Rheumatoid nodules
- Abnormal RF
- Radiographic changes
46
Gout definition (2)
- Inflammatory response to excessive quantities of úrico acid
- Elevated levels lead to formation of irate crystals in joints
47
Gout risk factors
- Males
- Increasing age
- High intake of alcohol, red meat, and fructose
48
Individuals with gout are 1000x more likely to develop what compared to the general population
Renal stones
49
Fibromyalgia definition
Chronic, widespread diffuse joint and muscle pain, fatigue, and tender points
50
Fibromyalgia symptoms
- Increased sensitivity to touch
| - Fatigue and non restorative sleep
51
Fibromyalgia Manifestations
- Diffuse, chronic pain
| - Profound fatigue
52
Diagnosis of fibromyalgia (4)
- Axial pain
- Left and right sided pain
- Upper and lower segment pain
- SS score
53
Bone Tumors can originate from where?
- Bone cells
- Cartilage
- Fibrous tissue
- Marrow
- Vascular tissue
54
Most common malignant bone forming tumor
Osteosarcoma
55
Osteosarcoma is predominantly found in what age people?
20 years and younger
56
Ewing sarcoma (2)
- Most lethal childhood bone tumor
| - Penetrates the bone to form soft tissue mass
57
How to the foot turn in children with clubfoot?
Inward and downward
58
Hip Dysplasia Risk Factors (3)
- Female sex
- Positive family history
- Breech presentation
59
How can the hip present in individuals with hip dysplasia?
- Subluxated
- Dislocated
- Acetabular dysplasia
60
How is hip dysplasia managed? (4)
- Pavlik harness
- Closed reduction with spica casting
- Surgery
- Outcome becomes poorer with age
61
Scoliosis is defined as…
Rotational curvature of the spine
62
Symptoms of Scoliosis (4)
- Uneven shoulders
- Uneven waist
- One hip elevated compared to the other
- Leaning to one side
63
Scoliosis Complications
- Lung and heart damage
- Bone loss
- Back problems
- Emotional effects
64
What is the most common neuromuscular disorder in children?
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
65
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy is what type of inheritance?
X-linked recessive gene
66
When to Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy manifestations begin to appear?
3-4 years old
67
Manifestations of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (6)
- Progressive weakness
- Respiratory insufficiency
- Cardiomyopathy
- Orthopedic complications
- Cognitive dysfunction
- Constipation
