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BIOSC-130 > Chapter 42 - Circulation and Gas Exchange > Flashcards

Chapter 42 - Circulation and Gas Exchange Flashcards

(100 cards)

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1
Q

interstitial fluid

A

the fluid filling the spaces
in between cells

(ex: composed of water, amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, etc.)

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2
Q

circulatory fluid

A

hemolymph

it moves material throughout the body

(ex: blood, lymph, etc.)

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3
Q

what is blood comprised of?

A

plasma

(cells) erythrocytes + leukocytes

(cell fragments) platelets

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4
Q

lymph fluid

A

a colorless fluid that circulates inside the lymphatic vessels

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5
Q

what are the 3 parts of the cardiovascular system?

A

1.) pump = heart

2.) tubes = vessels

3.) fluid = blood (also known as hemolymph)

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6
Q

what is another word for hemolymph?

A

blood

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7
Q

name the 2 heart chambers and briefly describe the function

A

atria (A) = receives blood from veins

ventricles (V) = pumps blood to arteries

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8
Q

what are the 2 valves in the heart? describe function

A

atrioventricular (AV) = atria to ventricles

semilunar (SL) = ventricles to arteries

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9
Q

what do valves do in the heart?

A

they prevent backflow of blood and ensure one-way flow of blood

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10
Q

why is the left side of the heart have a thicker wall?

A

its thicker because it needs to pump blood to all the body parts

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11
Q

what are the 2 circuits?

A

pulmonary circuit

systemic circuit

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12
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

R heart => lungs => L heart

it oxygenates blood

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13
Q

systemic circuit

A

L heart => body => R heart

delivers oxygenated blood to body

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14
Q

how are electrical signals passed?

A

via gap junctions

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15
Q

autorhythmic cells

A

unstable (pacemaker) potential

generate own action potentials

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16
Q

where are autorhythmic cells located mainly?

A

sinoatrial (SA) nodes

atrioventricular (AV) nodes

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17
Q

syncytium

A

network of interconnected cells

(ex: cardiac muscle tissue in the atria and ventricles form a syncytium, meaning that individual cells within the heart really function as a unit

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18
Q

why is the sinoatrial (SA) node called the pacemaker of the heart?

A

because it continuously generates electrical impulses

therefore setting the normal rhythm and rate in a healthy heart

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19
Q

what is the process of electrical conduction of the heart?

A

1.) signals from the SA node spread through the atria

2.) signals are delayed at the atrioventricular (AV) node

3.) Purkinje fibers (bundle branches) pass signals to the heart apex (at the bottom of the heart)

4.) signals spread throughout the ventricles

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20
Q

intercalated discs

A

connect adjacent cardiac muscle cells

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21
Q

what are bundle branches?

A

Purkinje fibers = specialized cardiac muscle cells that conduct electrical impulses

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22
Q

what does an electrocardiogram (ECG) do?

A

provides an electrical view of the heart

can measure heart rate

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23
Q

what are the electrical events of the cardiac cycle?

A

1.) P wave = atrial depolarization

2.) QRS complex = ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization

3.) T wave = ventricular repolarization

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24
Q

what are the levels (#) of heart rate (BPM)?

A

normal = 60 to 100

bradycardia = < 60

tachycardia = > 100

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25
sinus rhythm
SA node acts as a pacemaker (P => QRS => T)
26
arrhythmia
(related to heart rhythm) faulty nodes or conductance atria and ventricles contract independently
27
fibrillation
ectopic (in an abnormal place or position) pacemaker (SA node not in control)
28
ectopic
in an abnormal place or position
29
heart block
signals not conducted properly
30
which side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs? to entire body?
right side of the heart => pumps low oxygenated blood to the lungs where it gets O2 left side of the heart => pumps oxygenated blood to the entire body
31
cardiac output (CO)
volume (vol) pumped per minute (mL/in.)
32
heart rate (HR)
number of beats per minute (BPM)
33
stroke volume (SV)
volume per beat (mL/beat) how much blood you can pump out per beat
34
heart strength
stronger heart, stronger stroke volume (SV)
35
starlings law
"pump what you get" (more in, more out)
36
venous return
volume returned to the heart depends on gravity
37
what are the effects of posture on heart rate (HR)?
1.) seated (resting) = cardiac output (CO) requirement similar to sleeping cardiac output (CO) increase fitness = increase stroke volume (SV) and decrease heart rate (HR) 2.) seated to standing = lowered venous return (VR) (blood pools in veins in the legs) decrease stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO), and blood pressure 3.) standing to walking = peripheral pump, increase venous return (VR) increase stroke volume (SV) = decrease heart rate (HR)
38
baroreceptors (in relation to the heart, like what does it signal the heart to do?)
signals to: increase heart rate (HR) arteries => decrease stretch (decrease pressure) veins => increase stretch (pooling blood)
39
what is the main pump?
the heart
40
what is a peripheral pump?
increases venous return skeletal muscle and respiratory pump = peripheral pumps heart = main pump
41
what is M.A.P.?
mean arterial pressure
42
how to get M.A.P.?
cardiac output (CO) x total peripheral resistance (TPR) MAP = CO x TPR
43
cardiac output (CO)
heart rate (HR) x stroke volume (SV) CO = HR x SV
44
diving reflex
optimizes physiology to enable extended underwater time bradycardia = decreased heart rate (HR) peripheral vasoconstriction = decreased blood circulation, maintains blood pressure (MAP) with decreased (HR)
45
peripheral vasoconstriction
decreased blood circulation, maintains blood pressure (MAP) with decreased heart rate (HR)
46
cardiac cycle
1.) atrial, ventricular diastole flow: veins => arteries => ventricles 2.) atrial systole, ventricular diastole flow: atria => ventricles 3.) ventricular systole, atrial diastole flow: ventricles =>arteries veins => atria
47
diastole
relaxation (fill)
48
systole
contraction (pump)
49
what are the 2 heart sounds?
"lub" = atrioventricular (AV) valves close ventricular systole closes atrioventricular (AV) valves "dub" = semilunar (SL) valves close ventricular diastole, arterial pressure closes semilunar (SL) valves
50
sinoatrial (SA) node
pacemaker generates own action potentials (spontaneous depolarization)
51
what drives heart contraction?
autorhythmic cells
52
blood flow (arteries/veins)
arteries => arterioles => capillaries => venules => veins
53
what preserves blood pressure during diastole?
the elasticity of arteries
54
arteries
deliver blood (away from the heart) stores systolic pressure maintains driving pressure during relaxation (diastole)
55
what is the capillary flow controlled by?
arteriole diameter (vasoconstriction and vasodilation) => narrower blood vessel = less flow => widening blood vessel = more flow precapillary sphincters
56
vasoconstriction
narrowing of blood vessels smaller = less flow
57
vasodilation
widening of blood vessels wider = more flow
58
precapillary sphincters
rings of smooth muscle adjust flow into capillaries
59
capillaries
exchange of material between the blood and tissue cells (gas, nutrients, and blood cells) narrow, large surface area, decreased velocity, increase exchange has thin leaky walls that help with material exchange
60
capillary exchange
large molecules (cells, proteins) => most stay in the blood (plasma) small molecules (gases, ions, nutrients) => through cells = diffusion, membrane transport => around cells = via pores in the capillary walls
61
what are the 3 ways things can transport through the capillary walls?
1.) pass through pores 2.) through the membrane via endocytosis or exocytosis (vesicular transport) 3.) diffusion (passes through cells)
62
fluid
moves through pores in capillary walls if filtration > absorption then there will be a net loss of fluid
63
filtration (out)
circulatory => interstitial blood pressure pushes fluid out
64
reabsorption (in)
interstitial => circulatory osmotic pressure pulls fluid back in
65
osmotic pressure
the pressure caused by a difference in the amounts of solutes/molecules between solutions
66
lymphatic system
the tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infections and other diseases returns fluid to the heart has one-way valves, unidirectional flow, and lymph nodes have an immune function
67
what happens to blood pressure in capillaries?
blood pressure drops significantly
68
veins/venules
returns blood to the heart they have 1-way valves to ensure unidirectional flow (only goes one way) weak vasoconstriction strong peripheral pumps
69
venous return
volume of blood returned to the heart influenced by gravity
70
what aides venous return?
muscles in the walls of veins and peripheral pumps
71
arteriosclerosis
the "hardening of the arteries" it happens because plaques start forming in the arteries and it causes: => reduction of elasticity => narrowing => reduces blood flow (in the arteries)
72
hypertension
increased blood pressure
73
hypotension
low blood pressure
74
heart attack (myocardial infraction)
blockage in the coronary artery
75
what can cause heart attacks (myocardial infarctions)?
thrombus => blood clot myocardial ischemia => inadequate O2 to cardiac muscle
76
thrombus
blood clot
77
myocardial ischemia
inadequate O2 to cardiac muscle
78
what are some treatments for heart attack (myocardial infarction)? describe them.
bypass surgery = adds a vein to create a new route for blood and oxygen to go around a blockage to reach your heart) stents = small mesh tubes used to hold open passages (weak arteries) angiogenesis = formation of new blood vessels, using stem cells
79
angiogenesis
formation of new blood vessels
80
erythrocytes
red blood cells
81
leukocytes
white blood cells
82
true or false: you breathe to feed your mitochondria O2
true
83
respiratory membrane
connects alveoli and pulmonary capillaries
84
osmotic pressure
the pressure caused by a difference in the amounts of solutes/molecules between solutions
85
osmotic pressure
the pressure caused by a difference in the amounts of solutes/molecules between solutions
86
what are the 2 parts of the respiratory system?
1.) upper = mouth, nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx "conditions" air => adds moisture to the air, removes moisture from the air, or heats and cools the air 2.) lower = trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli
87
true or false: lungs are never completely empty
true
88
(lungs) tidal volume
normal breath
89
(lungs) vital capacity
maximum inhale and maximum exhale
90
(lungs) residual volume
air remaining following exhale ("used" air mixes with "new" air)
91
what does altitude do?
influences total air pressure doesn't change the composition of the air (% of each gas is the same) slows diffusion
92
partial pressure (Pgas)
the pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture equation: Px = (Ptotal) x (%gas)
93
what are the 2 ways oxygen is transported?
1.) hemoglobin (Hb) = 98% transport 2.) plasma = 2% transport
94
oxyhemoglobin
oxygen + hemoglobin O2 + Hb = oxyhemoglobin
95
cooperativity
binding at one site influences binding at others, like a bandwagoning of molecules (ex: when 1 oxygen molecule binds onto a hemoglobin molecule, the rest of the oxygen molecules all start binding) enhances binding and release (speed up the process since 1 oxygen molecule has signaled to other molecules that they found the binding site)
96
Bohr shift
changes in the O2 dissociation curve as a result of CO2 levels when an increase in CO2 production lowers pH and induces increased O2 release from hemoglobin (Hb)
97
what happens when there is an increase in CO2 production?
pH decreases increase O2 release from Hb increase metabolic activity <=> increase O2 delivery due to metabolic activity
98
what are the 3 ways CO2 is transported?
1.) hemoglobin (Hb) = 33% (33% is how much CO2 uses Hb for transport) 2.) plasma = 7% 3.) bicarbonate = 70%
99
what enzyme is used to convert CO2 to HCO3- (bicarbonate)?
carbonic anhydrase
100
why is the sinoatrial (SA) node called the pacemaker of the heart?
because it continuously generates electrical impulses therefore setting the normal rhythm and rate in a healthy heart

BIOSC-130 (9 decks)

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