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BIOSC-130 > Chapter 43 - The Immunity System > Flashcards

Chapter 43 - The Immunity System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 lines of defense in the immune system? describe them

A

1.) physical barriers = block entry
=> (ex: skin, mucous membranes,
secretions)

2.) internal innate responses = rapid, broad specificity
=> (ex: inflammatory response,
phagocytic cells)

3.) adaptive immunity = slower, highly specific, develops through life
=> (ex: humoral response = antibodies
defend against infection in body fluids,
cell-mediated response = cytotoxic cells
defend against infection in body cells)

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2
Q

what barriers prevent pathogens from entering your body?

A

surface barriers

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3
Q

what are the 3 main surface barriers?

A

skin, mucous membranes, and commensal bacteria (mutual, we need them)

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4
Q

what are the 6 types of leukocytes (white blood cells)?

A

neutrophils

eosinophils

basophils

macrophages

dendritic cells

lymphocytes

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5
Q

neutrophils

A

phagocytosis (ingest or engulf foreign/unwanted/bacteria cells)

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6
Q

eosinophils

A

low phagocytic activity

fights large parasites

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7
Q

basophils

A

secrete inflammatory chemicals
(ex: mast cells)

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8
Q

macrophages

A

large phagocytes
(ex: monocytes)

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9
Q

dendritic cells

A

alerts the adaptive immune system

tells lymphocytes (B and T cells) that there is an antigen present

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10
Q

lymphocytes

A

a type of white blood cell (leukocyte) that is mainly found in the lymphatic system (lymph fluid)

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11
Q

true or false: innate immune responses rapidly target pathogens after binding ligands

A

true

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12
Q

what are innate immune responses?

A

first line of defense against invading pathogens

fast-acting response to bacteria and viruses

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13
Q

what are the 2 innate immune responses? describe them

A

cell-mediated
=> phagocytosis = neutrophils and
macrophages
=> targeted death of infected host cells
= natural killer (NK) cells (lymphocytes)
non-cellular
=> complement proteins = membrane
attach complexes (ones that help)
=> anti-microbial peptides

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14
Q

anti-microbial peptides

A

these are part of the non-cellular innate immune response

they inhibit cell division by inhibiting DNA replication and DNA damage response, blocks the cell cycle causing failure of chromosome separation

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15
Q

histamine

A

increases blood flow (vasodilation), makes capillaries more “leaky”

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16
Q

cytokines (in relation to inflammatory response)

A

signaling proteins that attract/activate other immune cells

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17
Q

what is the adaptive immune response mediated by?

A

they are mediated by lymphocytes with highly specific cell surface (antigen) receptors

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18
Q

what is adaptive immunity?

A

slow-reacting and develops through life (when the immune system responds to a foreign substance)

(ex: bacteria enters the body, the body deals with it, and remembers how to deal with it

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19
Q

what are the 2 types of adaptive immunity? describe them

A

1.) humoral response = antibodies defend against infection in body fluids
=> B-cells

2.) cell-mediated response = cytotoxic cells defend against infection in body cells
=> T-cells

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20
Q

what are the 3 types of lymphocytes?

A

B-cells, T-cells, and natural killer (NK) cells

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21
Q

B-cells

A

mature in bone marrow, antibody (humoral) mediated response

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22
Q

how many binding sites are there in a B-cell?

A

2 binding sites

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23
Q

T-cells

A

mature in thymus, cell-mediated response

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24
Q

how many binding sites are there in a T-cell?

A

1 binding site

25
Q

how many polypeptides are in a cell surface receptor

A

4 polypeptides

26
Q

antigen

A

any molecule that elicits a response from B or T cells

27
Q

epitope

A

the portion of an antigen that binds the antigen receptor (looks like a puzzle piece)

the antigen receptor shakes hands with the epitope

there are several epitopes per antigen

28
Q

random DNA recombination

A

generates receptor diversity

29
Q

what is the process of random DNA recombination?

A

1.) recombination deletes DNA between randomly selected V segment and J segment

2.) transcription of permanently rearranged functional genes occurs

3.) RNA processing

4.) translation

30
Q

self-tolerance

A

your lymphocytes (B and T cells) are programmed to recognize your own cells so that they don’t kill your own cells

lymphocytes tolerate your own cells

the body lacks lymphocytes (white blood cells in the lymphatic system) that can react against its own components

31
Q

lymphatic system

A

the tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infections and other diseases

(ex: bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels)

32
Q

auto-immune disease

A

immune system attacks itself (“self-intolerance”)

33
Q

true or false: lymphocytes with matching receptors are selected and clonally expanded

A

true

34
Q

what are the 3 steps of clonal selection? describe them

A

1.) selection = the antigen binds onto the antigen receptor on a B-cell

2.) replication/expansion (mitosis) = the “selected” B-cell gets replicated

3.) differentiation = differentiate into effector cells and memory cells

35
Q

effector cells

A

B-cells that act immediately when a pathogen enters the body

immediate action short-lived

36
Q

memory cells

A

persist for subsequent exposure (future infections)

37
Q

what are the main aspects of an antigen receptor?

A

recognize epitopes on antigens

unique to each cell (due to cell recombination)

highly specific

38
Q

what are the 3 ways antibodies dispose of antigens?

A

1.) neutralization

2.) opsonization

3.) complement proteins

39
Q

opsonization

A

facilitate phagocytosis

the antibody binds to the antigen and signals the macrophage to come eat it

40
Q

complement proteins

A

a group of proteins in the plasma that are part of the innate immune system (assists in antigen disposal)

41
Q

what are the steps for allergy response? describe them

pollen allergy example

A

pollen allergy example

1.) initial exposure = during an allergic reaction immunoglobin E (IgE) released from B-cells will bind to mast cells

2.) subsequent exposure = the allergen (in this case it is pollen) binds onto the IgE

3.) cross-linking (process of chemically joining two or more molecules by a covalent bond) triggers the release of histamine
=> its an overreaction basically

42
Q

cross-linking (pertaining to allergy response)

A

the process of chemically joining two or more molecules by a covalent bond
=> (ex: Ige + pollen joining)

43
Q

lysis

A

disintegration of a cell by rupture of the cell wall or membrane

44
Q

what do cytotoxic T-cells (Tc) need to activate?

A

CD8 protein that recognizes the MHC-1 molecule

T-cell receptor (TCR) that recognizes antigen

45
Q

what 2 chemicals do activated T-cells release to kill infected host cells? describe the function of the 2 chemicals

A

1.) perforins = make pores

2.) granzymes = induce cell suicide (apoptosis)

46
Q

what is the accessory protein, CD8, and receptor for cytotoxic T-cells?

A

accessory protein = CD8

activator = infected somatic cell

receptor = MHC-1

47
Q

what is the activator and receptor for helper T-cells?

A

activator = antigen-presenting cell

(ex: dendritic cell, mast cell, etc.)

receptor = MHC-2

48
Q

passive immunity

A

antibodies being “delivered” directly

(ex: breastfeeding, anti-venins/antivenom, etc.)

49
Q

active immunity

A

defenses derived from response to infection (memory cells)

50
Q

what uses active immunity?

A

vaccinations

51
Q

vaccination

A

treatment with a vaccine to produce immunity to a particular infectious disease or pathogen

52
Q

what are the 2 different vaccine molecules?

A

1.) live attenuated (weakened virus)

2.) dead/inactive (dead virus)

53
Q

how does HIV escape adaptive immunity?

A

antigenic variation and latency (dormancy)

54
Q

antigenic variation

A

changes in epitope expression

bacteria/virus alters the proteins/carbohydrates on its surface and avoids the host cell’s immune response

55
Q

latency (dormancy)

A

the long asymptomatic period between initial infection and development

it hides out in the host genome

56
Q

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDs)

A

the comprised immune system resulting from helper T-cell reduction

helper T-cell: (–)
HIV concentration: (+)
relative anti-HIV antibodies concentration: (–)

57
Q

CRISPR (clustered regular interspersed short palindromic repeats)

A

prokaryotic adaptive immune system

it edits genes by precisely cutting DNA

58
Q

trypanosome

A

parasitic worm-like creature

has glycoproteins all over the surface of their body that are encoded by a gene that is duplicated more than a thousand times in an organism’s genome

each copy is slightly different and it can change glycoproteins on its surface area

BIOSC-130 (9 decks)

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