Chapter 45 Flashcards
(261 cards)
1
Q
What is obesity?
A
An excessively high amount of body fat or adipose tissue.
2
Q
Why is obesity considered a global problem?
A
It is a major risk factor for leading causes of death, including type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and certain cancers.
3
Q
What other problems do overweight individuals often face?
A
Problems with mobility and sleeping that affect health.
4
Q
What emotional impacts can obesity have on individuals?
A
Altered body image, depression, low self-esteem, and withdrawal from social interaction.
5
Q
How can societal attitudes about obesity affect individuals?
A
They can create biases and discrimination against people who are obese.
6
Q
How should obesity be viewed in terms of treatment?
A
As a chronic disease, similar to diabetes and hypertension.
7
Q
What percentage of adults in the United States are currently obese?
A
About 43%.
8
Q
Where are obesity rates highest in the United States?
A
In the South and Midwest.
9
Q
What factors contribute to obesity rates among different demographics?
A
Geographic, racial and ethnic, and income disparities.
10
Q
At what age can obesity begin to manifest in children?
A
As early as age 2 to 5.
11
Q
What is the etiology of obesity?
A
A complex, multifactorial disease resulting from energy imbalance.
12
Q
What happens in the body when someone consumes more calories than needed?
A
There is an abnormal increase and accumulation of fat cells.
13
Q
What is adipocyte hypertrophy?
A
A process by which fat cells increase their volume to accommodate large increases in lipid storage.
14
Q
What triggers preadipocytes to become adipocytes?
A
When the storage of existing fat cells is exceeded.
15
Q
What personal factors can contribute to obesity?
A
Food choices, portion sizes, and exercise.
16
Q
What tissues are primarily affected in obesity?
A
Intense abdominal and subcutaneous tissues
17
Q
When does the greatest increase in the number of fat cells occur?
A
From infancy through adolescence
18
Q
What type of obesity is most common among obese persons?
A
Primary obesity
19
Q
What is secondary obesity?
A
Obesity caused by metabolic problems, such as congenital conditions, endocrine disorders, CNS lesions, or drugs
20
Q
How many genes have been linked to obesity?
A
Over 400 genes
21
Q
What does having one or more obesity-related genes indicate?
A
Increased predisposition to obesity
22
Q
What role do genes play in obesity?
A
They affect appetite, satiety, food cravings, body-fat distribution, and calorie storage
23
Q
What is a significant genetic syndrome associated with obesity?
A
Prader-Willi syndrome
24
Q
Which gene is best linked to obesity?
A
FTO (fat mass and obesity-associated gene)
25
What effect does a certain allele of the FTO gene have on appetite?
Increased appetite and reduced satiety
26
What are the primary sites for regulating appetite?
The hypothalamus, gut, and adipose tissue
27
What is neuropeptide Y?
A powerful appetite stimulant made in the hypothalamus
28
What happens when neuropeptide Y is imbalanced?
It leads to overeating and obesity
29
What role do hormones and peptides from the gut and adipocytes play in obesity?
They affect the hypothalamus and have a critical role in appetite and energy balance
30
Which populations in the US have the highest rates of obesity?
Hispanics (44.8%) and Blacks (49.6%)
## Footnote
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
31
What is the prevalence of obesity among Black women?
56.9%
## Footnote
Highest prevalence among women
32
What is the prevalence of obesity among Hispanic men?
45.7%
## Footnote
Highest prevalence among men
33
Which group has the lowest prevalence of obesity?
Asian Americans
34
What effect does overeating at an early age have on adulthood?
Alters one's ability to sense fullness (satiety)
35
What hormone is made in adipocytes and suppresses appetite?
Leptin
36
What happens in cases of genetic deficiency of leptin?
Causes extreme obesity
37
What does high leptin levels in most obese persons suggest?
Leptin resistance
38
What hormone regulates appetite by inhibiting leptin?
Ghrelin
39
How do ghrelin levels change in a non-obese person?
Higher when hungry, decrease after eating
40
What effect do gastric bypass patients have on ghrelin levels?
Do not have the premeal increase in ghrelin
41
What role do adipokines play in the body?
Roles in glucose and lipid metabolism, insulin sensitivity, energy homeostasis, inflammation, immunity, and vascular function
42
What is excess visceral fat associated with?
Adipokine dysfunction, leading to insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and high blood pressure
43
What environmental factors contribute to obesity?
Greater access to high-calorie foods, large portion sizes, lack of physical exercise
44
How has portion size changed in recent times?
Increased dramatically
45
What socioeconomic factors contribute to obesity?
Lack of access to affordable nutritious food, low-income food choices, lack of exercise locations
46
What psychosocial factors influence eating habits?
Food used for comfort, rewards, and emotional responses such as stress or sadness
47
What are common associations with food established in childhood?
Pleasure and fun at events like birthday parties and holidays
48
What is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease and stroke in both men and women?
Android obesity
## Footnote
Android obesity is characterized by fat accumulation primarily in the abdominal area.
49
What are the common features of type 2 diabetes found in obesity?
Hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance
## Footnote
These features contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes.
50
How does obesity complicate the management of type 2 diabetes?
Increases insulin resistance and glucose intolerance
## Footnote
This makes drug treatment for diabetes less effective.
51
What gastrointestinal condition is more prevalent in individuals with obesity?
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
## Footnote
GERD is a chronic digestive condition affecting the lower esophageal sphincter.
52
What condition is characterized by lipids deposited in the liver, leading to a fatty liver?
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)
## Footnote
NASH can progress to cirrhosis and may be fatal.
53
What respiratory issue can result from increased fat mass due to obesity?
Sleep apnea
## Footnote
Sleep apnea leads to snoring and hypoventilation while sleeping.
54
How does obesity affect sleep and metabolism?
Poor sleep and sleep deprivation may increase appetite
## Footnote
Sleep deprivation can disrupt hormone levels and impair metabolism.
55
What is the relationship between obesity and osteoarthritis?
Obesity is associated with an increased incidence of osteoarthritis
## Footnote
This is due to the stress placed on weight-bearing joints.
56
What role does adiponectin play in obesity?
Adiponectin increases insulin sensitivity and is decreased in those who are obese
## Footnote
Lower levels of adiponectin contribute to insulin resistance.
57
What is the effect of excess weight on insulin effectiveness?
Decreases the effectiveness of insulin
## Footnote
This results in too much glucose remaining in the bloodstream.
58
What can weight loss improve in individuals with NASH?
Weight loss can improve NASH
## Footnote
Reducing weight may help decrease liver fat and improve liver function.
59
What are anorexins?
Hormones that suppress appetite, including cholecystokinin and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)
## Footnote
Cholecystokinin inhibits gastric emptying and sends satiety signals to the hypothalamus; GLP-1 stimulates insulin secretion and increases satiety.
60
What is the role of leptin in obesity?
Leptin suppresses appetite and regulates eating behavior; its resistance develops in obese individuals
## Footnote
Obesity is associated with high levels of leptin, but the appetite suppression effect may diminish.
61
What hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating appetite after food deprivation?
Ghrelin
## Footnote
Ghrelin is produced in the stomach and typically increases appetite in response to food deprivation.
62
Which hormone inhibits appetite by slowing gastrointestinal motility?
Peptide YY
## Footnote
Peptide YY is released after eating and its circulating levels decrease in obesity.
63
List the cancers most strongly linked to obesity.
* Breast cancer
* Colorectal cancer
* Endometrial cancer
* Esophageal cancer
* Gallbladder cancer
* Kidney cancer
* Liver cancer
* Ovarian cancer
* Stomach cancer
* Thyroid cancer
## Footnote
Obesity is a significant preventable cause of these cancers.
64
What is metabolic syndrome?
A cluster of metabolic risk factors associated with obesity, including insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia
## Footnote
Metabolic syndrome increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
65
What psychosocial problems are often experienced by obese individuals?
* Stigma and discrimination
* Low self-esteem
* Loneliness
* Major depression
## Footnote
These issues can significantly impact psychological well-being.
66
What is the first step in the treatment of obesity?
Determine if any physical conditions are present that may be causing or contributing to obesity
## Footnote
This involves a thorough history and physical assessment.
67
Why is it important to examine personal beliefs about obesity when assessing a patient?
To avoid conveying biases that may lead to patient shame
## Footnote
A nonjudgmental approach is crucial for effective communication and assessment.
68
What should a healthcare provider do if a patient is not ready for change?
Offer support and understanding while respecting their current state
## Footnote
Assessing a patient's willingness to change is important for tailoring interventions.
69
What are some common problems associated with obesity that require special treatment?
Obstructive sleep apnea, diabetes, hypertension
## Footnote
These problems often complicate the management of obesity.
70
What body measurements are important in assessing obesity?
Height, weight, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio
## Footnote
These measurements provide a comprehensive assessment of body composition.
71
What does BMI stand for?
Body Mass Index
## Footnote
BMI is a common measure used to classify body weight.
72
How is BMI calculated?
Weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters
## Footnote
This formula provides a numerical value to assess weight status.
73
What BMI value is considered underweight?
Less than 18.5 kg/m²
## Footnote
Individuals with this BMI may require nutritional assessment.
74
What BMI range is classified as normal weight?
18.5 to 24.9 kg/m²
## Footnote
This range indicates a healthy body weight.
75
What BMI range is classified as overweight?
25 to 29.9 kg/m²
## Footnote
Overweight individuals may be at risk for various health issues.
76
What BMI value is considered obese?
30 kg/m² or above
## Footnote
Obesity is associated with increased health risks.
77
What is extreme obesity defined as in terms of BMI?
BMI greater than 40 kg/m²
## Footnote
This level of obesity poses significant health challenges.
78
What limitations exist when using BMI as a measure of obesity?
It does not account for age, gender, and body build
## Footnote
These factors can affect the accuracy of BMI as an obesity measure.
79
Why might an athlete have a high BMI but not be considered obese?
High muscle mass
## Footnote
Muscle weighs more than fat, which can skew BMI results.
80
How might BMI underestimate obesity in older adults?
Due to loss of body mass
## Footnote
Older adults may have a lower BMI despite having significant fat accumulation.
81
What additional measures should be combined with BMI for accurate weight evaluation?
Waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio
## Footnote
These measures help provide a more complete assessment of obesity.
82
What are the health impacts of maintaining a healthy weight?
* Lowers the risk for hypertension and high cholesterol
* Increases chance for longevity and better quality of life
* Reduces the risk for developing type 2 diabetes
* Reduces the risk for heart disease, stroke, and gallbladder disease
* Reduces the risk for breathing problems, including sleep apnea
* Decreases the risk for developing osteoarthritis, low back pain, and some types of cancers
## Footnote
These impacts emphasize the importance of weight management for overall health.
83
How is waist circumference measured?
Waist circumference is measured just above the iliac crest after the patient has exhaled.
## Footnote
This measurement helps assess health risks associated with obesity.
84
What waist circumference measurements indicate increased health risks in men and women?
Greater than 40 inches in men and greater than 35 inches in women.
## Footnote
These thresholds are critical for assessing cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome risks.
85
What is the significance of waist-to-hip ratio?
Waist-to-hip ratio indicates abdominal obesity, which puts a person at a greater risk for health complications.
## Footnote
A higher ratio suggests increased visceral fat and related health risks.
86
What body shape is associated with higher health risks?
Apple-shaped body (android obesity) is associated with higher health risks.
## Footnote
Individuals with this body shape tend to store fat mainly in the abdominal area.
87
What is the difference between android and gynoid obesity?
Android obesity is characterized by fat distribution mainly in the abdominal area, while gynoid obesity is characterized by fat distribution in the hips and thighs.
## Footnote
Genetics play a significant role in determining a person's body shape and weight distribution.
88
What clinical problems may arise from obesity?
* Bodyweight problem
* Altered blood glucose level
## Footnote
These clinical issues can complicate the management of obesity and its associated health risks.
89
What are some important health information associated with obesity?
Obesity is associated with increased risks of stroke, cancer, and metabolic disorders.
90
What are common methods of weight loss mentioned?
Weight loss methods include diet pills, herbal products, and bariatric surgery.
91
What is the significance of a patient's history of obesity?
Understanding the patient's history of obesity helps in assessing their weight loss efforts and challenges.
92
What is the role of functional health patterns in obesity assessment?
Functional health patterns help identify the patient's weight loss attempts and commitment to a weight loss program.
93
What are some objective data indicators of obesity?
* Body mass index
* Waist circumference
* Increased work of breathing
* Hypertension
* Decreased joint mobility
94
What are the overall goals for a patient with obesity?
* Modify eating patterns
* Participate in regular exercise
* Achieve and maintain specified weight loss
* Minimize health problems related to obesity
95
What challenges do patients face in managing obesity?
Patients often struggle with the long-term commitment required for successful weight management.
96
What should be assessed before selecting a weight loss strategy?
* History with weight gain/loss
* Family weight history
* Impact of weight on health
* Contributions to weight
* Normal diet and beverage consumption
97
What is the health benefit associated with a modest weight loss?
A modest weight loss of even 5% of starting weight can lead to significant health benefits.
98
What are barriers to counseling patients about obesity?
* Time constraints
* Patient embarrassment
* Lack of reimbursement for weight management services
99
What is the recommended method for monitoring weight loss progress?
Weekly check of body weight is recommended to monitor progress.
100
Why is daily weighing not recommended?
Daily weighing can lead to confusion due to fluctuations from retained water and feces.
101
What is motivational interviewing?
Motivational interviewing helps patients understand their reasons for losing weight and builds their confidence.
102
What are some lifestyle patterns to stress for weight loss maintenance?
* Healthy eating habits
* Adequate exercise
103
What are some possible diagnostic findings in a patient with obesity?
* Increased serum glucose
* Elevated cholesterol and triglycerides
* Enlarged heart on chest x-ray
* Dysrhythmia on ECG
* Abnormal liver function tests
104
What is the average weight loss result from weight loss programs (excluding bariatric surgery)?
The average weight loss is typically around 10% of body weight.
105
What psychological barriers do patients face in weight loss efforts?
Patients may have a 'quick fix' mentality, which can hinder long-term commitment.
106
What is the formula for calculating BMI?
BMI (kg/m²) = (Weight in Pounds × 703) / (Height in Inches)²
107
What is the BMI range for a healthy weight?
BMI 18 to 24.9 kg/m²
108
What BMI value is classified as overweight?
BMI 25 to 29.9 kg/m²
109
What BMI value is classified as obesity?
BMI 30 kg/m²
110
What are the health risks associated with android (apple) body shape?
* Diabetes
* Breast cancer
* Endometrial cancer
* Heart disease
* Hypertension
111
What are the health risks associated with gynoid (pear) body shape?
* Cellulite
* Osteoporosis
* Varicose veins
112
What is a holistic approach to weight loss?
Combines nutrition therapy, exercise, behavior therapy, and possibly drugs or surgical intervention
113
What are the two processes that a supervised weight loss plan must focus on?
* Successful weight loss (short-term energy deficit)
* Successful weight control (long-term behavior changes)
114
What is a realistic and healthy weight loss goal per week?
1 to 2 lb per week
115
List some recommendations for maintaining a healthy weight.
* Weigh yourself regularly
* Eat 5 or more servings of fruits and vegetables daily
* Choose whole-grain foods
* Avoid highly processed foods
* Avoid high energy density foods
* Engage in 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity weekly
* Include muscle-strengthening activities on 2 or more days a week
116
What is a cornerstone for any weight loss or maintenance program?
Restricting diet intake below energy requirements
## Footnote
This approach is essential for effective weight management.
117
What factors influence a patient's ability to adhere to a diet?
* Food preferences
* Cultural traditions
* Food availability
* Motivation
## Footnote
These factors can significantly impact dietary compliance.
118
What should a diet emphasize for weight loss?
* Fruits
* Vegetables
* Whole grains
* Fat-free or low-fat dairy products
## Footnote
These elements are important for a balanced diet.
119
What types of foods should patients limit in their diet?
* Saturated fats
* Cholesterol
* Salt
* Added sugars
## Footnote
Limiting these can help in managing weight and improving health.
120
What is a recommended daily calorie intake for a weight-loss diet in this context?
1200 calories
## Footnote
This is a common caloric goal for weight loss.
121
What is a sample breakfast for a 1200-calorie diet?
* ½ cup cooked oatmeal
* 6 almonds, chopped
* ¾ cup blueberries
* 1 cup fat-free milk
## Footnote
This meal provides a balance of nutrients while adhering to calorie restrictions.
122
What is advised against when trying to lose weight?
Skipping meals
## Footnote
Regular meal consumption helps maintain metabolic rates.
123
What is the risk associated with very low-calorie diets?
* Multiple health complications
* Severe energy restriction
## Footnote
Such diets should only be supervised by trained healthcare professionals.
124
What is a fad diet and its common characteristic?
A fad diet promises fast weight loss with minimal effort
## Footnote
They often gain popularity through social media and may eliminate entire food categories.
125
What is the typical outcome for individuals following fad diets?
Most regain the weight lost, if not more
## Footnote
Such diets are often unsustainable in the long term.
126
What type of therapy is included in the management of obesity?
* Comprehensive therapy
* Diet plan
* Drug therapy
* Exercise
* Support groups
* Surgical therapy
## Footnote
A multifaceted approach is often necessary for effective management.
127
What factor often allows men to lose weight more quickly than women?
Higher percentage of lean body mass
128
What is the primary reason postmenopausal women are prone to weight gain?
Increased abdominal fat
129
What must be carefully determined when starting a weight loss program?
Food portion sizes
130
How can food portions be weighed?
Using a scale
131
What everyday object is equivalent to a serving of vegetables or fruit?
A woman's fist or a baseball
132
What is the recommended portion size of meat?
3 oz, about the size of a person's palm or a deck of cards
133
What is a standard size for chopped vegetables?
½ cup
134
How many minutes of moderate exercise per week is recommended for weight loss?
At least 150 minutes
135
What is the equivalent of 75 minutes of vigorous exercise per week in terms of moderate exercise?
150 minutes
136
What type of exercise does not seem to affect overall weight loss?
High vs. low intensity
137
What is the recommended amount of exercise per week to maintain weight loss?
200 to 300 minutes of moderate exercise
138
What are some ways to incorporate exercise into daily routines?
Parking farther from entry doors, taking stairs instead of elevators
139
What is the primary assumption behind behavior therapy for obesity?
Persons who are obese have maladaptive eating and exercise patterns
140
What are the three behavior techniques included in behavior therapy?
* Self-monitoring
* Stimulus control
* Rewards
141
What is self-monitoring in behavior therapy?
Keeping a record of food and calorie intake, physical activity, and body weight
142
What is the benefit of regular review of self-monitoring records?
Helps evaluate progress toward goals
143
What should support groups for weight management provide?
Support, tips, and information on dieting
144
What is the purpose of workplace weight loss programs?
Improved work performance, decreased absenteeism, less hospitalization, and lower insurance costs
145
What is drug therapy reserved for in weight loss programs?
Adults with a BMI of 30 kg/m² or greater or BMI of 27 kg/m² or greater with weight-related conditions
146
What type of weight loss programs often include prepackaged foods and supplements?
Programs like Jenny Craig and Nutrisystem
147
What is a challenge faced by individuals after completing structured weight loss programs?
Learning to adjust their diet without commercial products
148
What is the mechanism of action of bupropion?
Antidepressant
## Footnote
Bupropion is primarily used to treat depression and is also utilized for weight loss in combination with naltrexone.
149
What is the mechanism of action of naltrexone?
Opioid antagonist
## Footnote
Naltrexone is used to help manage addiction and is also used in combination with bupropion for weight loss.
150
What are common side effects of drug therapy for obesity?
* Nausea
* Constipation
* Headache
* Dizziness
* Insomnia
* Dry mouth
## Footnote
These side effects vary depending on the specific medication used.
151
What should be monitored in patients taking obesity medications?
* Suicidal thoughts and behaviors
* Neuropsychiatric reactions
## Footnote
Monitoring is essential due to the potential psychological side effects of obesity medications.
152
What are the effects of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) agonists in obesity treatment?
* Induces satiety
* Can increase blood pressure and heart rate
* Should not be used in patients with uncontrolled hypertension
## Footnote
GLP-1 agonists mimic the effects of the hormone GLP-1, which is involved in glucose metabolism.
153
What are the contraindications for using GLP-1 agonists?
* Patients with uncontrolled hypertension
* Patients with seizure disorders
* Patients with gastrointestinal disease
## Footnote
These conditions can exacerbate the risks associated with GLP-1 agonist therapy.
154
What is the purpose of bariatric surgery?
To help a person with extreme obesity lose weight
## Footnote
Bariatric surgery is often the only effective treatment for sustained weight loss in individuals with extreme obesity.
155
What are the criteria for bariatric surgery?
* BMI of 40 kg/m² or more
* BMI of 35 kg/m² or more with at least 1 weight-related comorbidity
## Footnote
Common comorbidities include type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and sleep apnea.
156
What are the potential outcomes of successful bariatric surgery?
* Improved glucose control
* Reversal of diabetes
* Normalization of blood pressure
* Decreased cholesterol and triglycerides
* Decreased GERD
* Decreased sleep apnea
## Footnote
These outcomes contribute to an overall improved quality of life post-surgery.
157
What is required for insurance coverage of bariatric surgery?
* Extensive documentation
* Participation in a supervised weight loss program for at least 6 months
* Psychological evaluation
## Footnote
Insurance policies vary, and these requirements help to ensure that candidates are prepared for the surgery.
158
What are the three broad categories of bariatric surgery?
* Restrictive
* Malabsorptive
* Combination of both
## Footnote
These categories define how the surgery affects food intake and nutrient absorption.
159
What is the primary goal of restrictive bariatric surgery?
To reduce the size of the stomach
## Footnote
This reduction causes the patient to feel full more quickly, leading to decreased food intake.
160
What are the advantages of laparoscopic bariatric surgery?
* Fewer wound infections
* Shorter hospital stays
* Faster recovery period
## Footnote
Laparoscopic techniques are less invasive compared to traditional open surgeries.
161
What is Adjustable Gastric Banding (AGB)?
Inflatable band encircles stomach, creates gastric pouch of about 30 mL, can be adjusted, and is reversible
## Footnote
No dumping syndrome or malabsorption, low complication rate
162
What are the advantages of Adjustable Gastric Banding?
* Food digestion occurs normally
* Creation of gastric pouch
* Band can be adjusted
* No dumping syndrome
* Low complication rate
163
What are the disadvantages of Adjustable Gastric Banding?
* Some nausea and vomiting
* Possible food intolerance
* Problems with adjusting device
* Band may slip or erode
* Gastric perforation or obstruction
164
What is Sleeve Gastrectomy?
About 75% of stomach removed, preserves stomach function, creates sleeve-shaped stomach with 60-150 mL capacity, not reversible
## Footnote
Nutrition problems are common
165
What is Gastric Plication?
Sleeve created by suturing stomach, minimal surgery compared to sleeve gastrectomy, does not bypass intestines
## Footnote
Risks include stomach leakage and blockage
166
What is the Intragastric Balloon procedure?
Deflated balloon placed into stomach, filled with saline, left in place up to 6 months
## Footnote
Can cause nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and gastric ulcers
167
What is Biliopancreatic Diversion (BPD)?
70% of stomach removed horizontally, anastomosis between stomach and intestine, decreases nutrient absorption
## Footnote
Nutrition problems include malabsorption of fat-soluble vitamins
168
What are the common complications of Biliopancreatic Diversion?
* Dumping syndrome
* Loose bowel movements
* Malabsorption of nutrients
169
What is Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB)?
Creates small gastric pouch connected to jejunum, bypasses remaining stomach and first segment of small intestine
## Footnote
Better weight loss results than restrictive procedures
170
What is the role of the Device for Gastric Electrical Stimulation?
Implanted device that delivers electrical impulses to vagus nerve to signal fullness
## Footnote
Must charge device regularly and can cause nutritional problems
171
What are some side effects of the Gastric Electrical Stimulation device?
* Nausea
* Vomiting
* Heartburn
* Belching
* Swallowing problems
172
What is Adjustable Gastric Banding (AGB)?
A procedure that uses a band to create a gastric pouch
173
What is the primary goal of Adjustable Gastric Banding?
To limit the stomach size and promote satiety
174
How much of the stomach is removed during Sleeve Gastrectomy?
About 75%
175
What hormone is eliminated by removing most of the stomach in Sleeve Gastrectomy?
Ghrelin
176
What is an endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty?
A minimally invasive procedure that reduces stomach size without resection or bypass
177
What is Gastric Plication?
A procedure that folds the stomach wall inward and secures it with sutures
178
What is a key advantage of Gastric Plication?
Reversibility since there is no gastric resection
179
What do Intragastric Balloon systems use to occupy space in the stomach?
An inflated balloon
180
What is the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass procedure?
A procedure that constructs a gastric pouch with a Y-shaped limb of small intestine
181
What is the main risk associated with Adjustable Gastric Banding?
Food intolerance and band slippage
182
What is the effect of Adjustable Gastric Banding on stomach emptying?
It slows down stomach emptying
183
What is the desired outcome for patients after undergoing Adjustable Gastric Banding?
To lose weight and not regain it
184
What is the purpose of the anterior vagus nerve trunk with an electrode?
To help patients feel more full and reduce the amount of food they can eat.
185
How do balloons used in bariatric procedures differ?
They differ in volume, means of insertion and removal, duration used, and adjustability.
186
What is the method of inserting fluid-filled balloons?
They are placed endoscopically with the patient under mild sedation and filled with saline.
187
What is the volume range for saline used in fluid-filled balloons?
From 400 to 700 mL.
188
How are air balloons inserted into the stomach?
The patient swallows the balloon in a capsule attached to a thin catheter, which is inflated with nitrogen gas.
189
What are the risks associated with balloon procedures?
Vomiting, nausea, abdominal pain, gastric ulcers, and changes in balloon size.
190
What is the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) procedure?
A combination of restrictive and malabsorptive surgery that creates a small gastric pouch attached directly to the small intestine.
191
What percentage of the stomach and small intestine does the RYGB bypass?
90% of the stomach, the duodenum, and a small segment of the jejunum.
192
What complications can occur after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass?
GI tract leaks, gastric remnant distention, ulcers, gallstones, hernias, poor iron absorption, and dumping syndrome.
193
What is dumping syndrome?
A condition where gastric contents empty too rapidly into the small intestine, overwhelming its ability to digest nutrients.
194
What symptoms are associated with dumping syndrome?
Vomiting, nausea, weakness, sweating, faintness, and diarrhea.
195
What dietary advice is given to patients after RYGB to avoid dumping syndrome?
Patients are discouraged from eating sugary foods.
196
What is a gastric pacemaker?
An implantable device that controls nerve impulses from the brain to the stomach, decreasing hunger and increasing satiety.
197
What is the role of external controllers in gastric electrical stimulation?
To allow the patient to charge the device and healthcare providers to adjust the device's settings.
198
What is aspiration therapy in bariatric procedures?
Removing a portion of gastric contents 20 to 30 minutes after each meal.
199
What special considerations should be taken for patients with obesity undergoing surgery?
Obtain past and current health information, identify comorbidities, and ensure proper equipment is available.
200
What is important about the blood pressure cuff size for patients with obesity?
Use a larger BP cuff size to avoid measurement errors.
201
What equipment should be available for transporting patients with obesity?
A wheelchair with removable arms that can safely accommodate the patient.
202
What should be monitored immediately postoperatively?
Vital signs, pulse oximetry, heart and lung sounds, incision condition, signs of infection, and anastomosis leak symptoms
## Footnote
Symptoms of anastomosis leak include tachycardia, fever, and tachypnea.
203
What techniques should be taught to prevent pulmonary complications after surgery?
Coughing and deep breathing techniques, turning and positioning methods, and spirometer use
## Footnote
Practicing these strategies before surgery can help patients perform them correctly afterward.
204
What dietary changes should be implemented postoperatively?
Start with room temperature water and low-sugar clear liquids, gradually increasing intake
## Footnote
Begin with 15 mL every 10-15 min, increasing to 90 mL every 30 min if tolerated.
205
What are the risks associated with excess adipose tissue during surgery?
Increased risk for resedation due to anesthetics being stored in adipose tissue
## Footnote
Patients may become sedated after surgery as adipose cells release anesthetics back into the bloodstream.
206
How should the head of the bed be positioned to aid respiratory function?
Elevated to reduce abdominal pressure and increase lung expansion
## Footnote
This positioning helps improve oxygen delivery to the lungs.
207
What should be done to prevent venous thromboembolism (VTE) in postoperative patients?
Implement VTE precautions, turn and ambulate the patient diligently
## Footnote
Patients typically begin walking the evening after surgery.
208
What are common postoperative complications that should be monitored?
Wound infection, dehiscence, delayed healing, and pressure injuries
## Footnote
Frequent skin assessments and keeping skin folds clean and dry are essential.
209
What signs should be monitored for concerning abdominal wounds post-bariatric surgery?
Amount and type of drainage, condition of the incision, and signs of infection
## Footnote
Vital signs are also monitored to identify potential problems.
210
What is the recommended initial diet for patients after bariatric surgery?
A low-sugar, clear-liquid diet starting within 24 hours post-surgery
## Footnote
Patients should avoid gulping fluids or using straws to minimize air swallowing.
211
What is the initial diet for a patient after bariatric surgery?
Full liquid diet
## Footnote
Patients are usually discharged on a full liquid diet.
212
How long after bariatric surgery can patients typically begin a pureed or soft foods diet?
10 to 14 days
## Footnote
This depends on the patient's tolerance.
213
What is the usual diet composition for patients after bariatric surgery?
High in protein with some carbohydrates and fiber
## Footnote
It should consist of 6 small feedings daily.
214
What is a common nutritional supplement needed by patients after bariatric surgery?
Protein supplement
## Footnote
Many need a protein supplement once or twice a day for the first few months.
215
What dietary behavior should patients avoid during meals after bariatric surgery?
Consuming fluids with meals
## Footnote
Fluids and foods high in carbohydrates can promote diarrhea and dumping syndrome.
216
What should patients be taught regarding their eating habits after surgery?
Eat slowly and stop when feeling full
## Footnote
It is important to prevent overeating.
217
How long should women postpone pregnancy after bariatric surgery?
12 to 18 months
## Footnote
This is recommended to ensure health stability.
218
What are common nutritional deficiencies expected after malabsorptive bariatric surgery?
Anemia, vitamin deficiencies, and diarrhea
## Footnote
Multivitamins with folate, calcium, vitamin D, iron, and vitamin B12 are recommended for life.
219
What are some potential complications that may arise late in the recovery stage after bariatric surgery?
Peptic ulcer formation, dumping syndrome, and small bowel obstruction
## Footnote
These complications can occur after surgery.
220
What are the expected outcomes for a patient with obesity after bariatric surgery?
* Achieve and maintain optimal weight
* Have improvement in obesity-related comorbidities
* Integrate healthy practices into daily routines
* Be free from adverse side effects of surgery
* Have an improved self-image
221
What psychological issues might patients face after bariatric surgery?
Feelings of guilt and negative self-image
## Footnote
Patients may feel guilty for needing surgery rather than achieving weight loss through willpower.
222
How does massive weight loss affect body image in patients after bariatric surgery?
It may leave the patient with large quantities of flabby skin
## Footnote
This can lead to issues related to altered body image.
223
What is the prevalence of obesity in older adults?
Increasing
## Footnote
The number of obese older persons has risen due to increases in both the total number of older persons and the percent of older adults.
224
How does obesity affect physical function in older adults?
It can worsen age-related declines and lead to frailty and disability
## Footnote
Excess body weight places more demands on arthritic joints.
225
What is a significant risk for women regarding pregnancy after bariatric surgery?
Pregnancy complications due to anemia and nutrition deficiencies
## Footnote
Complications may arise depending on the type of surgery.
226
How much less do obese individuals typically live compared to those of normal weight?
6 to 7 years
## Footnote
Obesity is associated with decreased survival.
227
What is the primary risk factor for metabolic syndrome?
Insulin resistance related to excess visceral fat
## Footnote
Insulin resistance is the decreased ability of the body's cells to respond to insulin, leading to compensatory hyperinsulinemia.
228
What are the diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome?
Any 3 of the following 5 measures:
* Waist circumference
* Triglycerides
* HDL cholesterol
* Blood pressure
* Fasting glucose
## Footnote
Specific thresholds for each measure must be met for a diagnosis.
229
What waist circumference is considered a risk factor for metabolic syndrome in men?
≥40 in (102 cm)
## Footnote
For women, the threshold is ≥35 in (89 cm).
230
What triglyceride level is a criterion for diagnosing metabolic syndrome?
>150 mg/dL (1.7 mmol/L)
## Footnote
Elevated triglycerides are a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
231
What is the recommendation for HDL cholesterol levels in men and women?
Men: <40 mg/dL (0.9 mmol/L), Women: <50 mg/dL (1.1 mmol/L)
## Footnote
Low HDL cholesterol is another component of metabolic syndrome.
232
What blood pressure readings indicate a risk for metabolic syndrome?
≥130 mm Hg systolic or ≥85 mm Hg diastolic
## Footnote
Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
233
What fasting glucose level is a criterion for metabolic syndrome?
≥100 mg/dL
## Footnote
Elevated fasting glucose is an indicator of insulin resistance and diabetes risk.
234
What is the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in adults?
Just over 1 in 3 adults
## Footnote
The prevalence increases to 50% for those aged 60 and older.
235
Name some clinical manifestations of metabolic syndrome.
Impaired fasting glucose, hypertension, abnormal cholesterol levels, obesity
## Footnote
These manifestations can lead to serious medical problems if untreated.
236
What are the potential health risks associated with metabolic syndrome?
Increased risk for heart disease, stroke, diabetes, renal disease, and polycystic ovary syndrome
## Footnote
Smoking exacerbates these risks.
237
What is the cornerstone of treatment for metabolic syndrome?
Adoption of a healthy lifestyle
## Footnote
This includes weight loss and controlling risk factors for CVD and type 2 diabetes.
238
What is liposuction?
A suction-assisted lipectomy used to improve body contours
## Footnote
It is not usually recommended for older patients due to skin elasticity concerns.
239
What is a lipectomy?
Surgical removal of excess skin and fat
## Footnote
It may target areas like the abdomen, waist, hips, and back.
240
What are the complications associated with lipectomy?
Potential for poor wound healing, infection, and recurrence of fat deposits
## Footnote
Maintaining healthy eating habits is crucial to prevent recurrence.
241
What is the primary risk factor for metabolic syndrome?
Insulin resistance related to excess visceral fat
## Footnote
Insulin resistance is the decreased ability of the body's cells to respond to insulin, leading to compensatory hyperinsulinemia.
242
What are the diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome?
Any 3 of the following 5 measures:
* Waist circumference
* Triglycerides
* HDL cholesterol
* Blood pressure
* Fasting glucose
## Footnote
Specific thresholds for each measure must be met for a diagnosis.
243
What waist circumference is considered a risk factor for metabolic syndrome in men?
≥40 in (102 cm)
## Footnote
For women, the threshold is ≥35 in (89 cm).
244
What triglyceride level is a criterion for diagnosing metabolic syndrome?
>150 mg/dL (1.7 mmol/L)
## Footnote
Elevated triglycerides are a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
245
What is the recommendation for HDL cholesterol levels in men and women?
Men: <40 mg/dL (0.9 mmol/L), Women: <50 mg/dL (1.1 mmol/L)
## Footnote
Low HDL cholesterol is another component of metabolic syndrome.
246
What blood pressure readings indicate a risk for metabolic syndrome?
≥130 mm Hg systolic or ≥85 mm Hg diastolic
## Footnote
Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
247
What fasting glucose level is a criterion for metabolic syndrome?
≥100 mg/dL
## Footnote
Elevated fasting glucose is an indicator of insulin resistance and diabetes risk.
248
What is the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in adults?
Just over 1 in 3 adults
## Footnote
The prevalence increases to 50% for those aged 60 and older.
249
Name some clinical manifestations of metabolic syndrome.
Impaired fasting glucose, hypertension, abnormal cholesterol levels, obesity
## Footnote
These manifestations can lead to serious medical problems if untreated.
250
What are the potential health risks associated with metabolic syndrome?
Increased risk for heart disease, stroke, diabetes, renal disease, and polycystic ovary syndrome
## Footnote
Smoking exacerbates these risks.
251
What is the cornerstone of treatment for metabolic syndrome?
Adoption of a healthy lifestyle
## Footnote
This includes weight loss and controlling risk factors for CVD and type 2 diabetes.
252
What is liposuction?
A suction-assisted lipectomy used to improve body contours
## Footnote
It is not usually recommended for older patients due to skin elasticity concerns.
253
What is a lipectomy?
Surgical removal of excess skin and fat
## Footnote
It may target areas like the abdomen, waist, hips, and back.
254
What are the complications associated with lipectomy?
Potential for poor wound healing, infection, and recurrence of fat deposits
## Footnote
Maintaining healthy eating habits is crucial to prevent recurrence.
255
What are the key components of a healthy lifestyle to address ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination problems?
Maintain a healthy weight, increase exercise, follow healthy diet habits
## Footnote
These components are essential for overall health and can help mitigate various metabolic issues.
256
What dietary changes should be made for patients with abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome?
Diet should be low in saturated fats and promote weight loss
## Footnote
This is crucial for managing metabolic syndrome and its associated risks.
257
How does a sedentary lifestyle affect metabolic syndrome?
It contributes to metabolic syndrome
## Footnote
Increased physical activity is necessary to combat these effects.
258
What are the benefits of regular exercise for patients with metabolic syndrome?
Helps with weight loss, decreases triglyceride levels, increases HDL cholesterol levels
## Footnote
These factors significantly lower risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome.
259
Are there specific medications for metabolic syndrome?
No specific medications for metabolic syndrome
## Footnote
Patients may receive drugs to lower cholesterol and blood pressure as needed.
260
What medication can lower glucose levels and enhance insulin sensitivity?
Metformin (Glucophage)
## Footnote
This medication is commonly prescribed for patients with insulin resistance.
261
Who may be candidates for bariatric surgery?
Patients with obesity
## Footnote
Bariatric surgery can be an option for those who have not succeeded with other weight loss methods.
