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Biology 152 Final Exam > Chapter 48-49 (Neurons and Nervous System) > Flashcards

Chapter 48-49 (Neurons and Nervous System) Flashcards

1
Q

Neuron

A

has structure and properties that allow it to conduct signals by taking advantage of the electrical charge across its plasma membrane.

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2
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

where integration takes place; this includes the brain and a spinal cord. Brain is the organ of the CNS where information is processes and integrated. Spinal cord is the nerve cord of vertebrates that is continuous with the base of the brain and housed within the vertebral column

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3
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS),

A

carries information into and out of the CNS. PNS is composed of nerves and ganglia. Nerves are the bundled axons of multiple neurons of the PNS. Nerves
channel and organize information flow through the nervous system.

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4
Q

Nerves

A

are the bundled axons of multiple neurons of the PNS

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5
Q

Ganglia

A

(singular: ganglion) are clusters (functional groups)

of nerve cell bodies in a nervous system.

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6
Q

Glial cells

A

support, nourish, regulate and augment the functions of neurons.

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7
Q

Embryonic radial glia

A

form tracks along which newly formed neurons migrate

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8
Q

Astrocytes

A

are glial cells with diverse functions including providing structural support for neurons, regulating interstitial environment, facilitating synaptic transmission and assisting in regulating the blood supply to the brain. Astrocytes also participate in the formation of the blood-brain barrier, which restricts the entry of most substances into the brain.

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9
Q

Radial Glia Cells

A

cells and astrocytes can both act as stem cells. Researchers are exploring approaches to using neural stem cells to replace brain tissue that has ceased to function normally

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10
Q

The Brain and Spinal Cord Consist of

A

Grey matter and White matter

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11
Q

Grey Matter

A

which consists of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and

unmyelinated axons

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12
Q

White Matter

A

which consists of bundles of myelinated axons

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13
Q

forebrain

A

has activities including processing of olfactory input, regulation of sleep, learning, and any complex processing

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14
Q

Midbrain

A

coordinates routing of sensory input

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15
Q

Hindbrain

A

controls involuntary activities and coordinates motor activities

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16
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Contains: Prefrontal cortex which functions decision making, planning. Motor cortex functions control of skeletal muscles. Broca’s area functions forming speech

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17
Q

Pariental Lobe

A

Contains: Somatosensory cortex (sense of touch) and Sensory association cortex (integration of sensory information)

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18
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Contains: Auditory cortex (hearing) and Wernicke’s area

comprehending language

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19
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Contains: Visual cortex (processing

visual stimuli and pattern recognition) and Visual association cortex (combining images and object recognition)

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20
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

controls voluntary movement and cognitive functions

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21
Q

cerebrum

A

largest structure in the human brain, is essential for language, cognition, memory, consciousness, and awareness of our surroundings

22
Q

Somatosensory receptors

A

provide information about touch, pain, pressure, temperature, and the position of muscles and limbs

23
Q

Thalamus

A

directs different types of input to distinct locations

24
Q

motor system

A

carries signals to skeletal muscles and can be voluntary

25
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

regulates smooth and cardiac muscles and

is generally involuntary. Has sympathetic and parasympathetic division

26
Q

enteric nervous system

A

exerts direct control over the digestive tract, pancreas, and gallbladder

27
Q

sympathetic division

A

regulates arousal and energy generation (“fight-

or-flight”response)

28
Q

parasympathetic division

A

has antagonistic effects on target organs and promotes calming and a return to “rest-and digest”functions

29
Q

Functional MRI (fMRI)

A

Functional magnetic resonance imaging, or fMRI, is
a technique for measuring brain activity. It works
by detecting the changes in blood oxygenation and
flow that occur in response to neural activity –when a brain area is more active it consumes more oxygen and to meet this increased demand blood flow increases to the active area. fMRI can be used to produce activation maps showing which parts of the brain are involved in a particular mental process.

30
Q

As a brain imaging technique FMRI has several

significant advantages:

A
  1. It is non-invasive and doesn’t involve radiation,
    making it safe for the subject.
  2. It has excellent spatial and good temporal
    resolution.
  3. It is easy for the experimenter to use.
31
Q

Brain Language Centers

A

Broca’s area is important for speech. Wernicke’s area is

important for language comprehension.

32
Q

Positron-emission tomography (PET)

A

enables a display of metabolic activity through injection of radioactive glucose

33
Q

The limbic system in the brain

A

The functional association of various brain centers
including the amygdala and hippocampus and
parts of thalamus.

34
Q

amygdala

A

a mass of nuclei near the base of the cerebrum that is most important for the storage of emotion

35
Q

Where do new neurons form

A

Hippocampus

36
Q

synapse

A

junction between an axon and another cell. The synaptic terminal of one axon passes information across the synapse in the form of chemical messengers called neurotransmitters

37
Q

Neuroransmitters

A

synaptic terminal of one axon passes information across the synapse in the form of chemical messengers

38
Q

Sensory neurons

A

transmit information about external stimuli such as light,

touch, or smell

39
Q

Interneurons

A

integrate (analyze and interpret) the information

40
Q

Motor Neurons

A

transmit signals to muscle cells, causing them to contract

41
Q

Reflex

A

is the body’s automatic response to a stimulus

42
Q

myelin sheath

A

which causes an action potential’s speed to increase. Myelin sheath is an insulating coat of cell membranes
made by glia— oligodendrocytes in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS

43
Q

MEMBRANE POTENTIAL

A

Difference in electrical potentials

across a membrane

44
Q

Resting Potential

A

is the membrane potential (voltage) when the axon is

not conducting an impulse

45
Q

Action Potenial

A

is a rapid change in polarity across a portion of an

axonal membrane

46
Q

action potential can be considered as a series of stages

A
  1. At resting potential: most voltage-gated sodium (Na+) channels and voltage-gated potassium (K+) channels are closed
  2. Voltage-gated Na+channels open first and Na+flows into the cell (depolarization)
  3. During the rising phase, the threshold is crossed, and the membrane potential increases
  4. During the falling phase, voltage-gated Na+channels become inactivated; voltage-gated K+channels open, and K+flows out of the cell
  5. During the undershoot, membrane permeability to K+ is at first higher than at rest, then voltage-gated K+channels close and resting potential is restored
  6. During the refractory period after an action potential, a second action potential cannot be initiated
47
Q

4 types of Membrane Potential

A
  • resting potential
  • action potential
  • voltage-gated channels
  • Na-K pump
48
Q

Acetylcholine

A

is a common neurotransmitter in vertebrates and

invertebrates, is involved in muscle stimulation, memory formation, and learning

49
Q

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs)

A

are depolarizations that bring the membrane potential toward threshold

50
Q

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs)

A

are hyperpolarizations that move the membrane potential farther from threshold

51
Q

Neuronal plasticity

A

describes the ability of the nervous system to be

modified. Changes can strengthen or weaken signaling at a synapse.

52
Q

Autism

A

a developmental disorder, involves a disruption in activity-dependent remodeling at synapses.
Children affected with autism display impaired communication and social interaction, as well as stereotyped, repetitive behaviors

Biology 152 Final Exam (14 decks)

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