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CNA Spring 2024 > Chapter 49 Cardiovascular, Respiratory, and Lymphathic Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 49 Cardiovascular, Respiratory, and Lymphathic Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

cardiovascular disorders

A
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2
Q

circulatory ( cardiovascular) system delivers

A

blood to the body’s cell.

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3
Q

problems that occur in the heart or blood vessels include

A

hypertension
coronary artery disease (CAD)
myocardial infraction (heart attack)
heart failure
dysrhythmias

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4
Q

hypertension

A

the resting blood pressure is too high

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5
Q

systolic pressure

A

140 mm Hg or higher

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6
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

90 mm ahh or higher

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7
Q

pre-hypertension will likely develop into hypertension in the future

A
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8
Q

systolic pressure

A

120 to 139 mm Hg

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9
Q

diastolic pressure

A

80 to 89 mm Hg

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10
Q

causes include

A

narrowed blood vessels, kidney disorders, head injuries, some pregnancy problems, and adrenal gland tumors

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11
Q

hypertension can lead to

A

storke
hardening of the arteries
heart attack
heart failure
kidney failure
blindness

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12
Q

lifestyle changes can lower the blood pressure

A

a diet low in fat and salt
a healthy weight
regular exercise
not smoking
limiting alcohol and caffeine
managing stress and sleeping well
certain drugs can lower blood pressure

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13
Q

coronary artery disease
( CAD )- coronary heart disease; heart disease

A

the arteries become hardened and narrow
one or all the arteries are affected
the heart muscle get loss blood and oxygen

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14
Q

common cause

A

is atherosclerosis

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15
Q

the major complications of CAD are

A

Angina
myocardial infraction(heart attack)
irregular heartbeats
sudden death

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16
Q

CAD can be treated
treatment goals

A

Relieve symptoms.
Slow or stop atherosclerosis.
Lower the risk of blood clots.
Widen or bypass clogged arteries.
Reduce cardiac events.

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17
Q

CAD requires lifestyle changes.
The person must

A

Quit smoking.
Exercise.
Reduce stress.
Eat a healthy diet.
If overweight, lose weight.

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18
Q

Some persons need drugs to

A

Decrease the heart’s workload and relieve symptoms.
Prevent a heart attack or sudden death.
Delay the need for medical and surgical procedures that open or bypass diseased arteries.

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19
Q

CAD may require cardiac rehabilitation

A
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20
Q

The cardiac rehab team includes

A

Doctors (the person’s doctor, heart specialist, heart surgeon)
Nurses
Exercise specialists, physical and occupational therapists, dietitians, and mental health professionals

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21
Q

cardiac rehab has two parts

A

exercise training
education, counseling, and training

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22
Q

angina pectoris ( pain )

A

is chest pain from reduced blood flow to part of the heart muscle (myocardium)

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23
Q

occurs

A

when the heart needs more oxygen
it is describes as tightness, pressure, squeezing, or burning in the chest

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24
Q

symptoms can be relieved

A

rest often relieves in 3-15 minutes
a nitroglycerin tablet is taken when angina occurs
some persons have nitroglycerin patches

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25
Q

chest pain lasting longer than a few minutes and not relieved by rest and nitrogen may signal a heart attack. the person needs emergency care

A
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26
Q

myocardial infarction (MI)

A

part of the heart muscle dies
sudden cardiac death (cardiac arrest) can occur

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27
Q

MI is also called

A

heart attack
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI)
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS)
coronary
coronary thrombosis
coronary occlusion

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28
Q

In MI,

A

blood flow to the heart muscle is suddenly blocked

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29
Q

CAD, angina, and previous MI are risk factors

A
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30
Q

MI is an emergency

A
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31
Q

efforts are made to

A

relieve pain
restore blood flow to the heart
stabilize vital signs
give oxygen
clam the person
prevent death and life-threatening problems

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32
Q

the person may need

A

medical or surgical procedures to open or bypass the diseased artery
cardiac rehabilitation

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33
Q

heart failure or congestive heart failure ( CHF ) occurs

A

when the weakened heart cannot pump normally

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34
Q

CHF

A

when the left side of the heart cannot pump blood normally, blood backs up into the lungs
respiratory congestion occurs

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35
Q

the person has dyspnea—difficultly breathing

A

increases sputum, and gurgling sounds in the lungs

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36
Q

CHF—

A

when the right side of the heart cannot pump blood normally, blood backs up into the venous systems

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37
Q

causes

A

feet and ankles swell
neck veins bulge
liver congestion affect liver function
the abdomen is congested with fluid

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38
Q

a very severe form of heart failure

A

is pulmonary edema (fluid in the lungs)

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39
Q

common causes of heart failure are

A

CAD
MI
Hypertension
Diabetes
Age
Irregular and Damaged heart rhythms
kidney disease

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40
Q

treatment

A

drugs are ordered to strengthen the heart
drugs are ordered to reduce the amount of fluid in the body
a sodium-controlled diet is ordered to
oxygen is given
semi-fowlers position is preferred for breathing
the person must reduce CAD risk factors
if acutely ill, the person needs hospital care

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41
Q

Dysrhythmia is an

A

abnormal heart rhythm
the rhythm may be too fast, too slow, or irregular

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42
Q

are caused by

A

changes in the heart’s electrical system
CAD, MI, or heart failure
weakening and changes in the heart muscle
drugs and alcohol abuse
excess caffeine intake
thyroid problems
some drugs
some dysrhythmias are minor, others are life threatening

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43
Q

treatment depends on three type of dysrhythmias

A

drugs may be given

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44
Q

a procedure may be needed

A
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45
Q

defibrillation or cardio version

A

an electrical shock is given to stop and abnormal rhythm

46
Q

ablation

A

areas of tissue in the heart sending abnormal electrical signals are destroyed

47
Q

internal devices may be placed

A
48
Q

peacemaker

A

device that is inserted under the skin near the heart; it monitors and regulates the hearts rhythm

49
Q

implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)

A

used for life threatening dysrhythmias; it delivers a shock when the heart is in a life threatening rhythm; some devices are both a peacemaker and an ICD

50
Q

respiratory disorders

A
51
Q

the respiratory system

A

brings oxygen(O2) into the lungs and removes carbon dioxide(CO2) from the body

52
Q

respiratory disorders that interfere with this function and threaten life include

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
chronic bronchitis
asthma
sleep apnea
influenza
pneumonia
tuberculosis

53
Q

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease involves two disorders that interfere with the exchange and carbon dioxide in the lungs

A

chronic bronchitis and emphysema

54
Q

risk factors

A

cigarettes smoking; pipe, cigar, and other tabasco’s
exposure to second- hand smoke

55
Q

not smoking is the best way to prevent COPD

A

COPD has no cure

56
Q

COPD affects the airways and alveoli

A

airways and alveoli become less elastic
the walls between many alveoli are destroyed
airway walls become thick, inflamed, and swollen
airways are clogged by excess mucus serection

57
Q

Chronic bronchitis occurs

A

after repeated episodes of bronchitis.

58
Q

Bronchitis means

A

inflammation of the bronchi.

59
Q

causes

A

smoking

60
Q

risk factors

A

infection, air pollution, and industrial dusts

61
Q

smokers cough in the morning

A

is often the first symptom

62
Q

treatment involves

A

the person must stop smoking
oxygen therapy and breathing exercises

63
Q

emphysema

A

the alveoli enlarge and become less elastic

64
Q

as a result

A

some air is trapped in the alveoli when exhaling

65
Q

over time,

A

more alveoli are involved; O2 and CO2 exchange cannot occur in affected alveoli, trapping more air in the lungs

66
Q

asthma

A

the airway becomes inflamed and narrow and extra mucus is produced

67
Q

signs and symptoms

A

dyspnea
wheezing and coughing
pain and tightness in the chest

68
Q

asthma is triggered

A

by allergies

69
Q

asthma is treated

A

with drugs

70
Q

sleep apnea

A

pauses in breathing occur during sleep

71
Q

causes of sleep apnea

A

pauses last form a few seconds to over a minute
they can occur many times during sleep

72
Q

the most common cause is

A

blockage of air way

73
Q

obstructive sleep apnea

A

during sleep, muscles in the throat reflex and soft tissues collapse, closing the airway

74
Q

central sleep apnea ( less common )

A

occurs when the brain does not send signals to the muscles to breathe

75
Q

signs and symptoms of sleep apnea

A

pauses in breathing during sleep
loud snoring
waking during sleep with a gasp or shortness of breath
difficultly staying asleep
headache sleepiness
dry mouth or sore throat after sleeping

76
Q

treatment includes for sleep apnea

A
77
Q

mild sleep apnea

A

lifestyle changes, weight lose, quitting smoking, and avoiding alcohol and sedatives before sleep

78
Q

more severe sleep apnea

A

surgery
positive airway pressure device: CPAP or BiPAP

79
Q

influenza is a

A

respiratory infection caused by a viruses

80
Q

common complication

A

pneumonia

81
Q

treatment for influenza involves

A

fluids and rests
drugs

82
Q

coughing and sneezing spread the four viruses

A
83
Q

Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68)

A

can cause mild to severe respiratory illness

84
Q

the virus is found in

A

saliva, mucus, and sputum

85
Q

signs and symptoms of EV- D68

A

fever
runny nose
sneezing
cough
body and muscle aches
dyspnea
wheezing

86
Q

there is no vaccine to prevent EV…

A
87
Q

pneumonia is an

A

inflammation and infection of lung tissue
affected tissue fill with fluid

88
Q

causes

A

bacteria
viruses
other microbes

89
Q

microbes reach the lungs by being

A

inhaled
aspirated
carrier in the blood to the lungs from an infection in the body

90
Q

factors to increase pneumonia

A

smoking
aging
stroke
bed rest
immobility
chronic diseases
tube feeding

91
Q

treatment may include

A

drugs for infection and pain
increased fluid intake to treat fever and to thin secretions
intravenous therapy and oxygen
semi-fowlers position to ease breathing

92
Q

tuberculosis ( TB )

A

is a bacterial infection in the lungs

93
Q

TB is spread by

A

airborne droplets with coughing, sneezing, speaking, singing, or laughing

94
Q

risk factors for TB include

A

living in close, crowded areas
age
poor nutrition
HIV ( Human Immunodeficiency Virus )

95
Q

TB can be present in the body…

A

not not cause signs and symptoms

96
Q

only persons with an active infection can spread the disease to others

A

chest x-ray and TB testing can detect disease

97
Q

signs and symptoms include:

A

tiredness, loss of appetite, weight loss, fever, and night sweats

98
Q

treatment involves TB

A

drugs for TB
precautions
covering mouth and nose with tissues when sneezing
flushing tissue down the toilet
hand washing with soap

99
Q

Lympathic disorders

A
100
Q

The lymphatic system

A

drains extra fluid from the tissues, helps fight infection, and absorbs and transports fats.

101
Q

lymphatic disorders that affect these functions include

A

lymphedema
lymphoma

102
Q

lymphedema

A

is a build up of lymph in the tissues causing edema (swelling). it occurs when there is a blockage or damage to the lymph system

103
Q

lymphedema causes include

A

cancer
infection
surgical removal of lymph nodes
scar tissue from radiation therapy or surgery
absent or abnormal lymph nodes present at birth

104
Q

lymphedema usually affects an

A

arm or a leg

105
Q

daily actives are often affected by
damage to lymph system cannot be reversed

A
106
Q

treatment for lymphedema includes

A

elastic garments or basantes
exercise
good skin care
message therapy

107
Q

the goals are to
lymphedema

A

control sweeping
decrease pain
improve movement and use of the body part
allowing daily activity

108
Q

lymphoma is

A

cancer involving cells in the immune system
(lymphocytes)

109
Q

lymphoma are a type of WBC that protect the body from infection

A

they are found in lymph nodes and other lymph tissues

110
Q

in lymphoma

A

these cells do not function normally

111
Q

there are two main lymphomas

A

Hodgkin lymphoma
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

112
Q

lymphoma brings with an abnormal lymphocyte

A

the abnormal cell divides and makes more abnormal cells
a mass of abnormal cells develops into a tumor

CNA Spring 2024 (12 decks)

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