Chapter 5

Question 1

What is an ideology?

Answer 1

I. A system of beliefs; what one would find ideal
II. Seeks to promote a particular social and political order
III. Contains empirical (observation & experience), semantic (meaning in language or logic), and normative elements (deriving from a standard)

Question 2

What is an ideology designed to do?

Answer 2

I. Describe the existing political order/community
II. Present an ideal vision of what the political order should look like
III. Prescribe a means to transform the existing into the ideal
IV. It spells out what is valued and what’s not
V. What must be maintained and what must be changed
VI. It shapes accordingly the attitudes of those who share it

Question 3

Which ideologies were born from the European Enlightenment and which were born as a challenge to it?

Answer 3

From the European Enlightenment:
I. Liberalism
II. Socialism
III. Nationalism
IV. Anarchism
As a challenge to the European Enlightenment:
I. Conservatism
II. Fascism

Question 4

Why are ideologies relevant?

Answer 4

Help shape the political landscape domestic and internationally

Question 5

What are ideologies for Festenstein and Kenny?

Answer 5

“Internally pluralistic, contested, complex, and overlapping”

Question 6

What are features of an ideology?

Answer 6

I. Action oriented
II. Typically less rigorous than “proper” theory
III. Tends to combine concepts that political philosophers treat separately
IV. Both reflects and shapes the social and historical context within which it emerges

Question 7

How are ideologies action-oriented?

Answer 7

I. Describe the current political order
II. Present a vision of what it should be like
III. Suggest how to get from I to II

Question 8

What is the ideological left like?

Answer 8

I. Equality
II. Justice
III. Rights
IV. Prioritize an equitab;e distribution of resources and a robust social safety net that guarantees a decent quality of life for everyone
IV. Recent thinking - a basic income to ensure that everyone in society has enough income to meet the basic needs of life
V. More focused on the environment in general

Question 9

What is the ideological right like?

Answer 9

I. Law and order
II. Security
III. Stability (not really interested in change)
IV. Prioritize balanced budgets, fiscal responsibility overall, business friendly regulations & tax policies to stimulate economic growth

Question 10

What are some of the key liberalist thinkers we studies so far?

Answer 10

I. Hobbes
II. Locke
III. Bentham
IV. Mill
V. Rawls
VI. Nozick

Question 11

What is the dominant political ideology in the West?

Answer 11

Liberalism

Question 12

When and where was liberalism originated?

Answer 12

17th and 18th century Europe - rise of capitalism

Question 13

What is the central theme of liberalism?

Answer 13

Individuality (Hobbes and Locke)

Question 14

Where is liberalism in the political spectrum?

Answer 14

In the center usually - depending on the country might refer to left or right, however: Australia - right, US - left + state intervention, Canada - centre-left

Classical Liberalism - right
New Liberalism - left

Question 15

What are the overall themes of liberalism?

Answer 15

I. Individual’s right, liberties and responsibilities

II. Important economic implications for the state

Question 16

What is the role of the state for Classical Liberalism?

Answer 16

Should be as limited as possible, except to ensure security and enforce private property rights

Question 17

Which thinkers have strong influence on Classical Liberalism?

Answer 17

Adam Smith and Herbert Spencer

Question 18

What is the explanation behind Classical Liberalism’s view on the state?

Answer 18

I. The market is the most effective means of meeting human needs
II. A small state maximizes individual freedom

Question 19

What caused the origin of New Liberalism?

Answer 19

Classical liberalism was challenged in the end of the 19th century as poverty was getting recognized and socialism was emerging as an alternative

Question 20

Who called for a new form of Liberalism?

Answer 20

Thomas Hill Green
Leonard Hobhouse
John Hobson

Question 21

What is the emphasis of New Liberalism? Why?

Answer 21

I. Social reform

II. State intervention could increase liberty by expanding individual opportunity

Question 22

The new liberalism dominated the political landscape for much of the 20th century. What are some examples of how it affected Canada?

Answer 22

Medicare, social reform
Canada pension plan (CPP)
Old age security (OAS)

Question 23

What ideology arose to challenge New Liberalism?

Answer 23

New Right

Question 24

What types of liberty does each branch of Liberalism defend?

Answer 24

Classical Liberalism: negative liberties; freedom from constraint from the state

New Liberalism: positive liberties; freedom to pursue self-development - state intervention can generate equality of opportunity and protection of rights

Question 25

Why do New Liberalism critics say that it cannot be considered a form of Liberalism?

Answer 25

Shifts emphasis from individual to society

Question 26

What is the liberal thought on individuals?

Answer 26

I. individuals should be protected from society and from the state II. Individuals are rational and self-interested, i.e., can make their own choices a. Masks, vaccines FLQ crisis in Montreal, government suspended civil liberties III. Communities are aggregates of individuals with competing interests

Question 27

What is the problem with the liberal view on equality?

Answer 27

Liberals look to equality of opportunity to ensure fairness on the principle that if individuals start from the same position, then they will be rewarded according to their merit However, the free market does not allow for genuine equality of opportunity because individuals don’t start out in life from the same position

Question 28

When, where, why and by whom did Socialism emerge?

Answer 28

``` I. 19th century II. France & Britain III. Rise of the industrial working class IV. Claude-Henri Saint-Simon (1760-1825) Charles Fourier (1772-1837) Robert Owen (1771-1858) ```

Question 29

What was Marx's critic on the founders of socialism and what did he do about it?

Answer 29

I. Considered these thinkers utopian - had no practical vision of how political change would come about II. Developed a “scientific” theory, suggesting that socialism is both ethical and historically inevitable

Question 30

What is the definition of socialism?

Answer 30

I. Ideology focused on human community and society II. Group as a social organism more than the individual III. Emphasis on state involvement in social welfare and on human and economic equality

Question 31

What are the two camps of socialism?

Answer 31

I. The “3rd International” of world communist organizations a. nao sei ainda II. Social democracy a. ns ainda

Question 32

What are the 3 key principles of socialism?

Answer 32

I. Generally optimistic view of human nature a. human nature as capable of being shaped by social, economic, and political circumstances II. Equality a. Equality of outcome, because they understand inequality to be the result of different positions in a social structure, rather than differences in ability b. Attempts to satisfy human needs, rather than merely providing the opportunity for individuals to do so themselves III. Community a. Emphasis on cooperation and collective, rather than individual goals

Question 33

What are some of the criticism on socialism?

Answer 33

I. utopian, unrealistic, and unrealizable II. its goal, in which human beings can achieve genuine emancipation (liberation) and fulfillment as members of a community demands too much of its citizens III. Its emphasis on egalitarianism can result in a authoritarian state (This critique does not apply so easily to social democratic models)

Question 34

What is conservatism?

Answer 34

I. Favors tradition over innovation - status quo II. Negative response to the “progressive” thought of liberalism III. Society must have a stable order and structure in order for individuals to know their place in the community and life and work within those confines for the good of the whole, change, they said, must be gradual IV. The social group is more important than individuals and liberalism is individualistic and selfish V. Edmund Burke

Question 35

What is the definition of conservatism?

Answer 35

Political ideology that reveres tradition and the status quo, view human as imperfect and imperfectible, upholds law and order over equality and freedom, and tolerates only gradual change in the structures of society

Question 36

What is the conservative view on rationalism?

Answer 36

Aversion to rationalism (idea that society could be constructed on a set of abstract principles); Society is too complicated to be taken apart and reassembled like a machine

Question 37

Conservatism in a sociocultural context

Answer 37

I. Emphasis on preservation of traditional moral values II. Threatened by globalizing culture III. Often advocates of an anti-secular position IV. Opposed to abortion, same sex-marriage, support for stiffer jail sentences, the protection of lifestyles and cultures they believe are corrosive of traditional values

Question 38

What is the definition of neo-conservatism?

Answer 38

Political right; combines neoliberal economic policies (low taxes, smaller government, limited social spending) with conservative social policies (opposition to abortion, gay rights, feminism) and a ‘hawkish’ foreign policy (increased military spending, pro-nuclear weapons, vigilant “war on terror”)

Question 39

What is the new public management?

Answer 39

Brand of social authoritarianism with nationalism to create a reactionary movement that has had a large impact on the direction of U.S. domestic foreign policy Interventions in Iraq & Afghanistan can be seen as a product of neo-conservative ideas

Question 40

How neo-conservatism differ from classical conservatism?

Answer 40

Rarely fall in with traditional conservative values such as “traditional, ritual, hierarchy, small government, fiscal austerity, devotion to place, and homage to the past”

Question 41

What are the principles of neo-conservatism?

Answer 41

I. Patriotism and the immorality of dissent a. See NFL players who kneeled during anthem II. Opposition to world government a. See trump’s dismissiveness of global/multilateral institutions III. Good vs evil outlook on the world: “either you are with us, or you are with the terrorists” a. After 9/11, Bush says either you’re with us or your against us, identified countries that were a threat to the US III. Promotion of American goals through the use of force a. See US military interventions

Question 42

What are some of the criticism on neo-conservatism?

Answer 42

I. Imperially hubristic and naively optimistic a. Iraq war 2003 II. Undermining of international institutions III. Contributed to the current global recession a. Money spent in Iraq and 2008

Question 43

What is the definition of nationalism?

Answer 43

Ideology that seeks the separation of one nation from others and strives to create and protect the political institutions and mechanisms needed to ensure the propensity of that nation, its values, traditions and culture

Question 44

What does nationalism promote and who does it appeal to?

Answer 44

I. Appeals to voters who feel left out of their country’s economic progress a. See Trump's lambasting of NAFTA during 2016 Presidential campaign II. Creates an ‘Us’ vs ‘Them’ mentality a. Example Brexit, Quebec “ethnic vote” referendum

Question 45

What are the two types of natianalism?

Answer 45

I. Civic nationalism a. Loyalty to the institutions and values of a particular political community b. Inclusive; open to anyone who chooses it II. Ethnic nationalism a. Loyalty to a shared inheritance based on culture, language, or religion b. Exclusive, membership is inherited, not chosen