Chapter 5

Question 1

Acute Muscle Soreness

Answer 1

Soreness or pain felt during and immediately after an exercise bout

Question 2

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

Answer 2

The lowest rate of body metabolism that can sustain life, measured after an overnight sleep in a laboratory under optimal conditions of quiet, rest, and relaxation and after a 12 hour fast

Question 3

Calorie (cal)

Answer 3

A unit of measure of energy in biological systems, where 1 calorie is equal to the amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1.0 g of water 1ºC, from 15 to 16ºC

Question 4

Calorimeter

Answer 4

A device for measuring the heat produced by the body (or by specific chemical reactions0

Question 5

Central Governor Theory

Answer 5

Theory proposing that processes occur in the brain that regulate power output by the muscles to prevent unsafe levels of exertion

Question 6

Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS)

Answer 6

Muscle soreness that develops a day or two after a heavy bout of exercise and that is associated with actual injury within the muscle

Question 7

Direct Calorimetry

Answer 7

A method that gauges the body’s rate and quantity of energy production by direct measurement of the body’s heat production

Question 8

Excess Postexercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC)

Answer 8

Elevated oxygen consumption above resting levels after exercise; at one time referred to as oxygen debt

Question 9

Exercise-Associated Muscle Cramps (EAMCs)

Answer 9

Painful prolonged contractions of muscles that accompany or result form muscle contractions

Question 10

Fatigue

Answer 10

General sensations of tiredness and accompanying decrements in muscular performance

Question 11

Haldane Transformation

Answer 11

An equation allowing one to calculate the inspired air volume from expired air volume, or expired air volume from inspired air volume

Question 12

Indirect Calorimetry

Answer 12

A method of estimating energy expenditure by measuring respiratory gases

Question 13

Lactate Threshold

Answer 13

The point during exercise of increasing intensity at which blood lactate begins to accumulate above resting levels, where lactate clearance is no longer able to keep up with lactate production

Question 14

Maximal Oxygen Uptake (VO2Max)

Answer 14

The maximal capacity for oxygen consumption by the body during maximal exertion. It is also known as aerobic power, maximal oxygen intake, maximal oxygen consumption, and cardiorespiratory endurance capacity

Question 15

Oxygen Deficit

Answer 15

The difference between the oxygen required for a given exercise intensity (steady state) and the actual oxygen consumption

Question 16

Peak Oxygen Uptake (VO2Peak)

Answer 16

The highest oxygen uptake achieved during a graded exercise test when a subject reaches volitional fatigue before a plateau occurs in the VO2 response (the criterion for a true VO2)

Question 17

Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER)

Answer 17

The ratio of carbon dioxide expired to oxygen consumed at the level of the lugns

Question 18

Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)

Answer 18

The body’s metabolic rate early in the morning following an overnight fast and 8 hours of sleep. Determining RMR does not require sleeping overnight in a laboratory or clinical facility

Question 19

VO2 Drift

Answer 19

A slow increase in VO2 during prolonged submaximal exercise at a constant power output

Question 20

A disadvantage of direct calorimetry is that

Answer 20

the heat generated by exercise equipment must be taken into account

Question 21

As RER values approach 1.0

Answer 21

glucose/glycogen metabolism is maximal

Question 22

As glycogen stores run out, what substrate do muscles primarily rely on for ATP production?

Answer 22

Fat

Question 23

As submaximal exercise intensity increases, VO2

Answer 23

increases proportionally

Question 24

Carbohydrate oxidation yields ___ ATP per molecule of Oxygen consumed when compared to ATP yield per Oxygen molecule for fat

Answer 24

more

Question 25

Compared to fat molecules, glucose molecules contain _____ carbon atoms.

Answer 25

fewer

Question 26

During endurance exercise, fatigue correlates best with

Answer 26

Low glycogen stores

Question 27

During high intensity sprints, what is the most specific cellular mechanism of fatigue?

Answer 27

Pi accumulation

Question 28

EPOC serves all of the following purposes

Answer 28

- Replenishes O2 stores in hemoglobin and myoglobin - Replenishes cytosolic ATP, PCr stores - Replenishes glycogen stores via lactate conversion

Question 29

FiO2=

Answer 29

20.93%

Question 30

Glycogen depletion from muscle fiber types occurs in which order?

Answer 30

Type I, IIa, IIx

Question 31

How does heat buildup in muscle contribute to fatigue?

Answer 31

hastens glycogen depletion

Question 32

If muscle pH falls to 6.4, what occurs in the cell that promotes fatigue?

Answer 32

glycogen breakdown stops

Question 33

Muscle glycogen metabolism is disproportionally high

Answer 33

when exercise intensity is high

Question 34

Oxygen deficit is incurred when

Answer 34

O2 demand > O2 consumption in early exercise

Question 35

Studies show that economy of effort is greatest in

Answer 35

long- and ultra-long-distance athletes

Question 36

The body utilizes ______ oxygen when metabolizing carbohydrate compared to fat

Answer 36

less

Question 37

Typical RMR values range from

Answer 37

1,200 to 1,400 kcal/day

Question 38

What is the term used to describe the phenomenon that occurs when oxygen supply does not increase as fast as oxygen need at the onset of exercise?

Answer 38

oxygen deficit

Question 39

When is RER <0.7?

Answer 39

during gluconeogenesis from amino acids and fat

Question 40

What are major causes of fatigue?

Answer 40

- Glycogen depletion - Acidosis of muscle - Failure to stimulate muscle at the neuromuscular junction

Question 41

Which is not an important predictor of a successful endurance athlete?

Answer 41

high type II fiber percentage

Question 42

Which respiratory exchange ratios (RERs) is typical for a resting individual?

Answer 42

0.78

Question 43

Why are normalized VO2max values (i.e., ml O2 · kg-1 · min-1) greater in men than in women?

Answer 43

Men have more fat-free mass

Question 44

Why does aerobic performance continue to improve with training after VO2max has plateaued?

Answer 44

lactate threshold continues to increase

Question 45

In the events lasting longer than a few seconds, glycogen stored in the _____ is the primary energy source for ATP synthesis

Answer 45

muscle

Question 46

The rate at which your body uses energy is referred to as your _______

Answer 46

metabolic rate

Question 47

An equation allowing one to calculate the inspired air volume from expired air volume, or expired air volume from inspired air volume

Answer 47

Haldane Transformation

Question 48

A slow increase in VO2 during prolonged submaximal exercise at a constant power output

Answer 48

VO2 drift

Question 49

T/F: Height is one of the factors that affect total daily caloric expenditure

Answer 49

false

Question 50

T/F: Calcium consumption affects a person's basal metabolic rate?

Answer 50

false

Question 51

T/F: Most researchers now prefer to use the term resting metabolic rate (RMR) instead of basal metabolic rate (BMR), because RMR is an easier measurement to take than BMR

Answer 51

true

Question 52

T/F: Direct calorimetry is widely regarded as a useful tool for exercise measurements

Answer 52

false

Question 53

The role of the CNS in most types of fatigue is to limit exercise performance ____

Answer 53

as a protective mechanism