Chapter 5

Question 1

What are the four classes of large biological molecules?

Answer 1

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids

Question 2

What is a polymer?

Answer 2

A polymer is a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks

Question 3

What are monomers?

Answer 3

The repeating units that serve as building blocks

Question 4

Which 3 of the 4 molecules are polymers?

Answer 4

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

Question 5

What are carbohydrates made of?

Answer 5

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

Question 6

What are lipids made of?

Answer 6

Carbon, Hydrogen, less Oxygen

Question 7

What are proteins made of?

Answer 7

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

Question 8

What are amino acids made of?

Answer 8

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Sulfur

Question 9

What are nucleic acids made of?

Answer 9

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphates

Question 10

What are enzymes?

Answer 10

Enzymes are specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions such as those that make or break down polymers

Question 11

When does a dehydration reaction occur?

Answer 11

A dehydration reaction occurs when two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule, removes a water molecule to form a new bond

Question 12

How are polymers disassembled to monomers?

Answer 12

through hydrolysis, a reaction that is essentially the reverse of the dehydration reaction (breaks apart polymers), adding a water molecule that breaks a bond

Question 13

What are carbohydrates?

Answer 13

Carbohydrates include sugars and the polymers of sugars (polysaccharides), simplest sugars are monosachharides

Question 14

What is a disaccharide?

Answer 14

A disaccharide is formed when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides, this is called a glycosidic linkage

Question 15

What is starch?

Answer 15

starch is a storage polysaccharide of plants, that consists entirely of glucose monomers, the simplest form of starch is amylose (surplus starch is stored within chloroplasts and other plastids)

Question 16

What are the two types of starch?

Answer 16

Amylose (unbranched), Amylopectin (somewhat branched)

Question 17

What is glycogen?

Answer 17

Glycogen is a storage polysaccharide in animals and is stored mainly in liver and muscle cells, hydrolysis of glycogen in these cells releases glucose when there is a demand for sugar

Question 18

Is glycogen branched or unbranched?

Answer 18

Branched

Question 19

What is cellulose?

Answer 19

the polysaccharide cellulose is a major component of the tough wall of plant cells, cellulose is a polymer of glucose, it is unbranched

Question 20

How does cellulose breakdown?

Answer 20

Cellulose in food passes through as an “insoluble fiber”, some microbes use enzymes to digest cellulose, enzymes that digest start cant hydrolyze beta linkages in cellulose

Question 21

What is chitin?

Answer 21

Chitin is another structural polysaccharide that is found in the exoskeleton of arthropods, provides structural support for cell walls of fungi, is embedded in proteins

Question 22

What are lipids?

Answer 22

Lipids do not include true polymers, they mix poorly with water and are hydrophobic, consist of hydrocarbons that form nonpolar covalent bonds and are hydrophobic

Question 23

what are fats constructed from

Answer 23

fats are constructed from two types of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids , they are triglycerides

Question 24

what are saturated fatty acids

Answer 24

have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds, most animal fats

Question 25

what are unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 25

have one or more double bonds, most plant and fish fats

Question 26

how do saturated fatty acids behave at room temp compared to unsaturated

Answer 26

saturated: solid, unsaturated: liquid

Question 27

what is hydrogenation?

Answer 27

the process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen

Question 28

what is the major function of fats?

Answer 28

energy storage, cushion vital organs, insulate the body, store long-term food reserves

Question 29

what is a phospholipid?

Answer 29

two fatty acids and a phosphate that are attached to a glycerol

Question 30

which parts of a phospholipid are hydrophobic?

Answer 30

the phosphate head is hydrophilic, the fatty acid tails are hydrophobic

Question 31

what are steroids?

Answer 31

steroids are lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

Question 32

what is cholesterol?

Answer 32

a type of steroid that is a component in animal cell membranes

Question 33

What are proteins constructed of?

Answer 33

Amino acids, polypeptides are unbranched polymers built from these amino acids, a protein consists of one or more polypeptides

Question 34

what are amino acids?

Answer 34

amino acids are organic molecules with amino and carboxyl groups, differing side chains due to differing R groups

Question 35

What is the polymer of amino acids?

Answer 35

polypeptides, amino acids are linked by covalent bonds called peptide bonds

Question 36

what does a functional protein consist of?

Answer 36

one or more polypeptides precisely twisted, folded, coiled, into a unique shape

Question 37

what is the primary structure of a protein?

Answer 37

its unique sequence of amino acids, determined by genetic information

Question 38

what is the secondary structure of a protein?

Answer 38

consists of coils and folds in the polypeptide chain

Question 39

what is the tertiary structure of a protein?

Answer 39

determined by interactions among the various side chains (R groups), the overall shape of the polypeptide

Question 40

Quaternary structure results when?

Answer 40

a protein consists of multiple polypeptide chains to form a macromolecule

Question 41

what are the typical secondary structures?

Answer 41

a coil called an alpha helix and a folded structure called a beta pleated sheet

Question 42

what is hemoglobin?

Answer 42

a globular protein consisting of four polypeptides, two alpha and two beta chains

Question 43

what can cause a protein to denature?

Answer 43

alterations in pH, salt concentration, temperature

Question 44

define denaturation

Answer 44

the loss of a protein's native structure, becomes biologically inactive

Question 45

what are chaperonins?

Answer 45

chaperonins are protein molecules that assist the proper folding of other proteins

Question 46

What is the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide programmed by?

Answer 46

a gene, they consist of DNA: a nucleic acid made of monomers called nucleotides

Question 47

what are nucleic acids made of, their monomer

Answer 47

monomers called nucleotides

Question 48

what are the two types of nucleic acids?

Answer 48

deoxyribonucleic and ribonucleic,

Question 49

what is gene expression?

Answer 49

the process of DNA directing synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) and through it, controls protein synthesis

Question 50

What does each nucleotide consist of?

Answer 50

a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and one or more phosphate groups (portion without phosphate group is nucleoside)

Question 51

What are the two families of nitrogenous bases?

Answer 51

Pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine, uracil): has 1 ring (6 members) Purines (adenine, guanine): has 2 rings (6 membered & 5 membered)

Question 52

In DNA the sugar is ... In RNA the sugar is....

Answer 52

deoxyribose, ribose

Question 53

what is a nucleotide made of??

Answer 53

a nucleoside and a phosphate group

Question 54

what does deoxyribose mean?

Answer 54

without oxygen

Question 55

base pairing rules for DNA

Answer 55

A and T, G and C

Question 56

base pairing rules for RNA

Answer 56

A and U, G and C

Question 57

base pairing rules for RNA

Answer 57

A and U, G and C

Question 58

how many hydrogen bonds are between a and t

Answer 58

2

Question 59

how many hydrogen bonds are between g and c

Answer 59

3