Chapter 5

Question 1

melanin

Answer 1

yellow to reddish-brown to black
pigment, responsible for dark skin colors

Question 2

Carotene

Answer 2

yellow to orange pigment, most obvious in the palms and soles of the feet

Question 3

Hemoglobin

Answer 3

reddish pigment responsible for the
pinkish hue of the skin

Question 4

Hair is distributed over the entire skin surface except:

Answer 4

Palms, soles, and lips, Nipples and portions of the external genitalia

Question 5

Functions of hair include:

Answer 5

Helping to maintain warmth,
Alerting the body to presence of insects on the skin, Guarding the scalp against physical trauma, heat loss, and sunlight

Question 6

Hair Follicle

Answer 6

Deep end is expanded forming a hair bulb, A knot of sensory nerve endings (a root hair plexus) wraps around each hair bulb. Bending a hair stimulates these endings, hence our hairs act as sensitive touch receptors.

Question 7

vellus

Answer 7

pale, fine body hair found in children and
the adult female

Question 8

Terminal

Answer 8

coarse, long hair of eyebrows, scalp,
axillary, and pubic regions

Question 9

Alopecia

Answer 9

hair thinning in both sexes, True, or frank, baldness, Genetically determined and sex-influenced condition.

Question 10

Male pattern baldness

Answer 10

caused by follicular response to DHT

Question 11

Eccrine sweat glands

Answer 11

found in palms, soles of the feet, and forehead

Question 12

Apocrine sweat glands

Answer 12

found in axillary and anogenital areas

Question 13

Ceruminous glands

Answer 13

modified apocrine glands in external ear canal that secrete cerumen

Question 14

Mammary glands

Answer 14

specialized sweat glands that
secrete milk

Question 15

sebaceous glands

Answer 15

Soften skin when stimulated by hormones and secrete an oily secretion called sebum

Question 16

Protection

Answer 16

chemical, physical, and biological
barrier

Question 17

Body temperature regulation is accomplished by:

Answer 17

Dilation (cooling) and constriction (warming) of dermal vessels and Increasing sweat gland secretions to cool the body

Question 18

receptors sense touch and
pain

Answer 18

receptors sense touch and
pain

Question 19

Metabolic functions

Answer 19

synthesis of vitamin D in
dermal blood vessels

Question 20

Blood reservoir

Answer 20

skin blood vessels store up to
5% of the body’s blood volume

Question 21

Excretion

Answer 21

limited amounts of nitrogenous wastes
are eliminated from the body in sweat

Question 22

The three major forms of skin cancer are:

Answer 22

-Basal cell carcinoma
-Squamous cell carcinoma
-Melanoma

Question 23

Melanomas have the following characteristics:
(ABCD rule)

Answer 23

A: Asymmetry; the two sides of the pigmented area do not match

B: Border is irregular and exhibits indentations

C: Color (pigmented area) is black, brown, tan,
and sometimes red or blue

D: Diameter is larger than 6 mm (size of a pencil eraser)

E: Evolution

Question 24

First-degree

Answer 24

only the epidermis is damaged

Symptoms include localized redness, swelling,
and pain

Question 25

second degree

Answer 25

epidermis and upper regions of dermis are damaged Symptoms mimic first degree burns, but blisters also appear.

Question 26

Third degree

Answer 26

entire thickness of the skin is damaged. Burned area appears gray-white, cherry red, or black; there is no initial edema or pain (since nerve endings are destroyed) The immediate threat to life is dehydration, followed by infection.

Question 27

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Answer 27

Arises from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum. most often on scalp, ears, and lower lip Grows rapidly and metastasizes if not removed. Prognosis is good if treated by radiation therapy or removed surgically.

Question 28

basal cell carcinoma

Answer 28

Least malignant and most common skin cancer Stratum basale cells proliferate and invade the dermis and hypodermis Slow growing and do not often metastasize Can be cured by surgical excision in 99% of the case

Question 29

melanoma

Answer 29

Cancer of melanocytes is the most dangerous type of skin cancer because it is: Highly metastatic Resistant to chemotherapy

Question 30

Stratum Basale (Basal Layer)

Answer 30

structure: stratified squamous epithelium function: produces keratinocytes location: deepest layer

Question 31

Stratum Spinosum (Prickly Layer)

Answer 31

Function/overall characteristics: Cells contain a weblike system of intermediate filaments attached to desmosomes Location: second deepest layer

Question 32

Stratum granular layer

Answer 32

thin; three to five cell layers in which drastic changes in keratinocyte appearance occurs Keratohyaline and lamellated granules accumulate in the cells of this layer

Question 33

Stratum lucidum clear layer

Answer 33

Thin, transparent band superficial to the stratum granulosum Consists of a few rows of flat, dead keratinocytes Present only in thick skin

Question 34

Stratum Corneum layer

Answer 34

outermost layer of keratinized cells Accounts for three quarters of the epidermal thickness Functions include: Waterproofing, Protection from abrasion and penetration, Rendering the body relatively insensitive to biological, chemical, and physical assaults

Question 35

Dermis consists of

Answer 35

Second major skin region containing strong, flexible connective tissue, Cell types include fibroblasts, macrophages, and occasionally mast cells and white blood cells

Question 36

Composed of two layers

Answer 36

papillary and reticular