Chapter 5

Question 1

The collective components and structures that work together to move the body: muscular, skeletal, and nervous systems.

Answer 1

Human Movement System

Question 2

A concept that describes the human body as a chain of interdependent links that work together to perform movement.

Answer 2

Kinetic Chain

Question 3

A network of specialized cells called neurons that transmit and coordinate signals, providing a communication network within the human body.

Answer 3

Nervous System

Question 4

Specialized cell that is the functional unit of the nervous system.

Answer 4

Neuron

Question 5

A part of the body, such as a muscle or organ, that receives a signal from a neuron to produce a physiological response.

Answer 5

Effector Sites

Question 6

A division of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord.

Answer 6

Central Nervous System

Question 7

Nerves that connect the rest of the body to the central nervous system.

Answer 7

Peripheral Nervous System

Question 8

Sensory pathway that relays information to the central nervous system.

Answer 8

Afferent Pathway

Question 9

A motor pathway that relays information from the central nervous system to the rest of the body.

Answer 9

Efferent Pathway

Question 10

Specialized structures that respond to mechanical forces (touch and pressure) within tissues and then transmit signals through sensory nerves.

Answer 10

Mechanoreceptors

Question 11

Nerves that serve the outer areas of the body and skeletal muscle and are largely responsible for the voluntary control of movement.

Answer 11

Somatic Nervous System

Question 12

A division of the peripheral nervous system that supplies neural input to organs that run the involuntary processes of the body (e.g., circulating blood, digesting food, producing hormones)

Answer 12

Autonomic Nervous System

Question 13

Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to increase neural activity and put the body in a heightened state.

Answer 13

Sympathetic Nervous System

Question 14

Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to decrease neural activity and put the body in a more relaxed state.

Answer 14

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Question 15

Ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment.

Answer 15

Sensory Function

Question 16

The body’s ability to naturally sense its general orientation and relative position of its parts.

Answer 16

Proprioception

Question 17

The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret the sensory information to allow for proper decision-making, which produces an appropriate response.

Answer 17

Integrative Function

Question 18

The neuromuscular (or nervous and muscular systems) response to the integrated sensory information.

Answer 18

Motor Function

Question 19

Sensory receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change.

Answer 19

Muscle Spindles

Question 20

Neurological signal from the muscle spindle that causes a muscle to contract to prevent excessive lengthening.

Answer 20

Stretch Reflex

Question 21

A specialized sensory receptor located at the point where skeletal muscle fibers insert into the tendons of skeletal muscle; sensitive to changes in muscular tension and rate of tension change.

Answer 21

Golgi Tendon Organs

Question 22

Receptors located in and around the joint capsule that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint.

Answer 22

Joint Receptors

Question 23

Specific movements through the coordinated effort of the sensory and motor subsystems.

Answer 23

Motor Skills

Question 24

Rigid rods where muscles attach

Answer 24

Levers

Question 25

The process by which bone is constantly renewed by the resorption and formation of the bone structure.

Answer 25

Remodeling

Question 26

Special cells that break down and remove old bone tissue.

Answer 26

Osteoclasts

Question 27

Special cells that form and lay down new bone tissue.

Answer 27

Osteoblasts

Question 28

Scientific explanation of how remodeling (new bone growth) occurs along the lines of stress placed on the bone.

Answer 28

Wolff's Law

Question 29

Movement of a limb that is visible.

Answer 29

Osteokinematics

Question 30

The description of joint surface movement; consists of three major types: roll, slide, and spin.

Answer 30

Arthrokinematics

Question 31

A joint with a fluid-filled joint capsule.

Answer 31

Synovial Joints

Question 32

A gliding joint that moves in only one plane, either back and forth or side to side.

Answer 32

Nonaxial Joints

Question 33

Joints that have no joint capsule, fibrous connective tissue, or cartilage in the uniting structure.

Answer 33

Non-synovial Joints

Question 34

A fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone.

Answer 34

Ligament

Question 35

A protein that provides elasticity to skin, tendons, ligaments, and other structures.

Answer 35

Elastin

Question 36

The type of muscle tissue that connects to bones and generates the forces that create movement.

Answer 36

Skeletal Muscle

Question 37

Connective tissue that surrounds muscles and bones.

Answer 37

Fascia

Question 38

Inner layer of fascia that directly surrounds an entire muscle, commonly referred to as the “deep fascia.”

Answer 38

Epimysium

Question 39

Largest bundles of fibers within a muscle. Fascicles are surrounded by perimysium.

Answer 39

Fascicles

Question 40

Connective tissue surrounding a muscle fascicle.

Answer 40

Perimysium

Question 41

Connective tissue that wraps around individual muscle fibers within a fascicle.

Answer 41

Endomysium

Question 42

Glucose that is deposited and stored in bodily tissues, such as the liver and muscle cells; the storage form of carbohydrate.

Answer 42

Glycogen

Question 43

Protein-based molecule that carries oxygen molecules into the muscles.

Answer 43

Myoglobin

Question 44

The contractile components of a muscle cell; the myofilaments (actin and myosin) are contained within a myofibril.

Answer 44

Myofibrils

Question 45

The filaments of a myofibril; include actin and myosin.

Answer 45

Myofilaments

Question 46

The thin, stringlike, myofilament that acts along with myosin to produce muscular contraction.

Answer 46

Actin

Question 47

The thick myofilament that acts along with actin to produce muscular contraction.

Answer 47

Myosin

Question 48

The structural unit of a myofibril composed of actin and myosin filaments between two Z-lines

Answer 48

Sarcomere

Question 49

The meeting point of each sarcomere.

Answer 49

Z-Line

Question 50

The nervous system’s signal that tells a muscle to contract.

Answer 50

Neural Activation

Question 51

The specialized site where the nervous system communicates directly with muscle fibers.

Answer 51

Neuromuscular Junction

Question 52

A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it innervates.

Answer 52

Motor Unit

Question 53

Nerve impulse that is relayed from the central nervous system, through the peripheral nervous system, and into the muscle across the neuromuscular junction.

Answer 53

Action Potential

Question 54

A neurotransmitter that helps the action potential cross the synapse into the muscle, which initiates the steps in a muscle contraction.

Answer 54

Acetylcholine

Question 55

The series of steps in muscle contraction involving how myosin (thick) and actin (thin) filaments slide past one another to produce a muscle contraction, shortening the entire length of the sarcomere.

Answer 55

Sliding Filament Theory

Question 56

The physiological process of converting an electrical stimulus to a muscle contraction.

Answer 56

Excitation Contraction Coupling

Question 57

The myosin heads bind to actin and pull them toward the sarcomere center, which slides the filaments past each other, shortening the muscle.

Answer 57

Power Stroke

Question 58

A high-energy molecule that serves as the main form of energy in the human body; known as the energy currency of the body.

Answer 58

Adenosine Triphosphate

Question 59

The length of a muscle when it is not actively contracting or being stretched.

Answer 59

Resting Length

Question 60

Muscle fibers that are small in size, generate lower amounts of force, and are more resistant to fatigue.

Answer 60

Type 1 muscle fibers

Question 61

Muscle fibers that are larger in size, generate higher amounts of force, and are faster to fatigue.

Answer 61

Type 2 muscle fibers

Question 62

Motor units cannot vary the amount of force they generate; they either contract maximally or not at all.

Answer 62

All-or-nothing Principle