Chapter 5

Question 1

Zoonosis

Answer 1

An infectious or infectious diseases transmissible under natural conditions from vertebrate animals to humans

Question 2

Methods for transmission of zoonoses (4 ways)

Answer 2

• Contact with the skin
• A bite or scratch from an animal
• Direct inhalation or ingestion
• Bite of an arthropod (insect, spider, crustacean) vector

Question 3

Definition of vector

Answer 3

An insect or any living carrier that transports an infectious agent from an infected individual to a susceptible individual, food, or immediate surroundings

Question 4

Two types of vectors

Answer 4

• Various species of rodents
• Arthropods

Question 5

Vector of epidemic typhus

Answer 5

Body louse

Question 6

Vector of Tualaremia

Answer 6

Horse fly

Question 7

Malaria found in how many countries?

Answer 7

More than 100

Question 8

What percentage of world’s population at risk for malaria?

Answer 8

40%

Question 9

Annual death toll for malaria is…

Answer 9

more than 1 million persons

Question 10

Agent of malaria

Answer 10

Plasmodium parasite

Question 11

Vector of malaria

Answer 11

Anopheles mosquito

Question 12

Explain transmission of malaria.

Answer 12

Complex life cycle of mosquitos and human hosts with human liver and blood stages

Question 13

Most deadly agent of malaria

Answer 13

Plasmodium falciparum

Question 14

Symptoms of malaria

Answer 14

Spleen enlargement, flu-like fever, muscular fatigue, chills/sweating, dry cough

Question 15

Estimated global economic cost of malaria

Answer 15

$12 billion

Question 16

4 forms of mosquito control measures:

Answer 16

1. Anti larval measures
2. Anti adult measures
3. Protection against mosquito bites
4. Legislative control

Question 17

Sickle cell disease

Answer 17

Inherited disease of red blood cells that affects hemoglobin and interrupts blood flow by blocking small blood vessels

Question 18

Ways to treat sickle cell

Answer 18

• Fluids
• Antibiotics

Question 19

Hand Foot Syndrome - Dactylitis

Answer 19

Sickle cells cause painful swelling of hands and feet

Question 20

How do people develop sickle cell disease?

Answer 20

If they inherit two faulty copies of gene for hemoglobin, meaning they confer some resistance to malaria

Question 21

Agent of Leishmaniasis

Answer 21

Leishmania parasite

Question 22

Vector of Leishmaniasis

Answer 22

Sandfly who transmits by biting host

Question 23

How many infected by leishmaniasis every year

Answer 23

700k to 1.2 million

Question 24

Leishmaniasis is endemic in how many countries?

Answer 24

82 tropical countries

Question 25

2 forms of leishmaniasis

Answer 25

1. Cutaneous - causes one or more sores on skin, swollen glands near sores 2. Visceral - causes fever, weight loss, spleen/liver enlargement, abnormal blood tests, low blood counts

Question 26

4 environmental factors associated with increase in leishmaniasis

Answer 26

- Movement of human population into endemic areas - Increasing urbanization - Extension of agricultural projects into endemic areas - Climate change

Question 27

Agent of plague

Answer 27

Yersinia pestis

Question 28

Vector of plague

Answer 28

Flea which bites rodents who harbor it

Question 29

Treatment for plague

Answer 29

Antibiotics such as doxycycline and ciprofloxacin, oxygen, intravenous fluids, respiratory support

Question 30

Most common vector-borne disease in the United States

Answer 30

Lyme disease

Question 31

Agent of lyme disease

Answer 31

Bacteria

Question 32

Vector of lyme disease

Answer 32

Black-legged ticks

Question 33

Lyme disease symptoms

Answer 33

Characteristic skin rash which looks like a bull’s eye, fatigue, chills/fever, headache, muscle and joint pain, swollen lymph nodes

Question 34

Treatment for lyme disease

Answer 34

Antibiotics

Question 35

Agent of RMSF

Answer 35

Bacteria

Question 36

Vector of RMSF

Answer 36

Tick

Question 37

RMSF case fatality rate among untreated patients

Answer 37

Up to 25%

Question 38

Treatment of RMSF

Answer 38

Early treatment with antibiotic doxycycline

Question 39

Symptoms of RMSF

Answer 39

Fever, rash, vomiting, etc.

Question 40

Lyme disease host

Answer 40

Deer

Question 41

A febrile disease

Answer 41

Disease resulting in fever