Chapter 5

Question 1

Consciousness

Answer 1

Subjective experience of the world and ourselves.
Can lead to mystical experiences.

Question 2

Sleep Paralysis

Answer 2

Inability to move prior to falling asleep or immediately prior to waking.

Question 3

Mind-wandering

Answer 3

aka daydreaming
30-50% of our waking hours

Question 4

Circadian Rhythm

Answer 4

Is a cyclical change that occurs every 24 hours
Controlled by the suprachiasmatic Nucleus

Question 5

Biological clock

Answer 5

term for the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus that’s responsible for controlling our levels of alertness.

Question 6

How many stages of sleep are there, how long does it take for us to cycle through all of them.

Answer 6

5 and 90min

Question 7

What includes step 1 in the sleep cycle

Answer 7

A transitional period from wakefulness to sleep that lasts only a few minutes
Light sleep
May experience hypnagogic imagery
Muscles are still active and might experience myoclonic jerks

Question 8

What includes step 2 in the sleep cycle

Answer 8

Deepening of sleep associated with sleep spindles (bursts of brain activity) and K-complexes (waves that sharply rise and fall
Brain activity and body slows down
65% of sleep occurs in this stage

Question 9

What includes step 3 in the sleep cycle

Answer 9

Deep sleep comprised of delta waves begin to emerge

Question 10

What includes step 4 in the sleep cycle

Answer 10

Delta waves dominate

Question 11

Rapid Eye Movements (REM)

Answer 11

darting eyes when the eyelids are closed during sleep.

Question 12

What occurs in REM sleep

Answer 12

82% of dreams are associated with being in REM sleep.
Vivid
Longer dreams
Dreams characterized as emotional, illogical plot

Question 13

What occurs in Non-REM sleep

Answer 13

43% of dreams associated with being in a non rem sleep period
Less vivid
Shorter dreams
Dreams characterized as rational, everyday topics

Question 14

REM rebound

Answer 14

after a few nights of REM deprivation, duration of REM sleep increases

Question 15

Lucid Dreaming

Answer 15

An awareness that one is dreaming.

Question 16

What are the 6 different sleep disorders

Answer 16

Insomnia, Sleep-walking, Night terrors, Dreaming, Narcolepsy, Sleep Apnea

Question 17

Insomnia

Answer 17

trouble falling or staying asleep

Potential causes of insomnia
Stress
Medication

Question 18

Narcolepsy

Answer 18

rapid onset of unexpected sleep that lasts for a brief time (sec to min).

Enter REM sleep immediately

Potential causes of narcolepsy
Genetics
Low levels of orexin hormone
Brain damage

Question 19

Sleep Apnea

Answer 19

Multiple awakenings due to airway blockage during sleep, resulting in daytime fatigue

Question 20

Freud’s Dream Protection Theory

Answer 20

Dreams help to carry out desires we are not permitted to do in real life.

Question 21

Manifest content

Answer 21

the sensory details in a dream

Question 22

Latent Content

Answer 22

the true and hidden meaning of the sensory details

Question 23

Problems with Dream Protection Theory

Answer 23

Claim:
Wish fulfillment
Mostly sexual
Dream-work that disguises latent meaning
Findings:
Dreams are often negative
Sexual themes are not common 10%
90% of dreams are reported as straightforward

Question 24

Activation-synthesis Theory

Answer 24

Activation of the forebrain via neural messages from the pons during REM sleep

Synthesis: Forbrain attempts to make coherent sense of this activity, leading to dreams

Question 25

Role of the forebrain

Answer 25

Damage to forebrain and parietal lobes can eliminate dreams completely

Question 26

Neurocognitive Theory

Answer 26

Dreams are meaningful scenarios

Question 27

Dream continuity hypothesis

Answer 27

Hypothesis that there is continuity between sleeping and waking experiences and that dreams can mirror life circumstances.

Question 28

Alterations in consciousness Hallucinations

Answer 28

Perceptions formed without sensory stimuli that are experienced as realistic. Visual cortex used for visual processing is active during a visual hallucination

Question 29

Out-of-body Experience

Answer 29

Sense of our consciousness leaving our body 10% of the general pop reported an OBE Associated with lucid dreams

Question 30

Near-Death Experiences

Answer 30

OBE associated with nearly dying or though they were going to die 6-33% of those close to death report NDE’s

Question 31

Mystical Experiences characterized by...

Answer 31

Unity/oneness with the world Transcendence of time and space Feelings of wonder and awe

Question 32

Deja vu

Answer 32

Sensing that one is reliving an experience even though the experience is new

Question 33

Hypnosis

Answer 33

Hypnosis: suggestions administered by a hypnotist change consciousness in a subject Hyposis has helped treat disorders and pain

Question 34

Social-Cognitive Theory of Hypnosis

Answer 34

Approach to explaining hypnosis based on peoples attitudes, beliefs, and expectations

Question 35

What is Dissociation Theory and what are the 2 parts

Answer 35

Consciousness is split into two parts Part 1 responds to the hypnotist’s suggestions Part 2 is hidden observer that maintains contact with reality

Question 36

Psychoactive Drugs

Answer 36

chemical substances that impact consciousness by changing neural activity.

Question 37

Substance Use Disorder

Answer 37

recurrent and significant impairment or distress associated with one or more drugs.

Question 38

Physical dependence

Answer 38

Continued use of a drug to avoid withdrawal symptoms

Question 39

Depressants

Answer 39

slows activity in the central nervous system producing a sense of calmness and reduced inhibitions. Ex. Alcohol

Question 40

What are Stimulants and what are 2 types

Answer 40

Increases activity in the central nervous system. Nicotine and Cocaine

Question 41

Narcotics: relieve pain and induce sleep Heroin

Answer 41

relieve pain and induce sleep Heroin

Question 42

Psychedelics

Answer 42

are hallucinogens in that they alter perception, mood, and thought LSD