Chapter 6

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

Behavior is changed by experiences

Question 2

Habituations

Answer 2

Process of responding less strongly over time to repeated stimuli

Question 3

Stimulus

Answer 3

Any event or object in the environment to which an organism responds

Question 4

Unconditional Stimulus (US)

Answer 4

response in the absence of learning

Question 5

Unconditional response (UR)

Answer 5

response to a stimulus in the absence of learning

Question 6

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

Answer 6

Is then regularly paired with an US

Question 7

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Answer 7

response after being paired with an US

Question 8

Conditioned Response (CR)

Answer 8

response that is elicited by the conditioned stimulus

Question 9

What are the 3 steps to Conditioned Response (CS)

Answer 9

Step 1. (US) food ———–> (UR) salivating

Step 2. (NS) bowl + (US)food —> (UR) salivating

Step 3. (CS) bowl ————> (CR) salivating

Question 10

Two important components of classical conditioning are…..

Answer 10

Timing & Sequence of Events

Question 11

Timing of Events

Answer 11

Must be a short delay between the NS and the US

Question 12

Sequence of Events

Answer 12

The NS must be presented before the US

Question 13

Acquisition

Answer 13

In classical conditioning, the time which a CR first appears

Question 14

What is Acquistion influenced by

Answer 14

1. Intensity of the US
2. Timing
3. Sequence

Question 15

Extinction

Answer 15

Elimination of a response that occurs when the CS is repeatedly presented without being followed by the US.

Question 16

Renewal

Answer 16

The reapeance of a CR that had previously been extinguished.

Question 17

Stimulus Generalization

Answer 17

NS similar to a CS may produce the CR.

Question 18

Stimulus Discrimination

Answer 18

Tendency to respond differently to two or more similar stimuli

Question 19

Higher-Order Conditioning

Answer 19

(NS) becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS)

Question 20

Conditioning a fear response

Answer 20

Watson and Raynar conditioned little Albert to be afraid of white rats by pairing the NS (rats) with a US (Loud noise)

Question 21

Conditioned compensatory Response (CCR):

Answer 21

CR that is opposite of the UCR
Ex. Drugs taken in same room

Question 22

Operant Conditioning

Answer 22

A form of learning in which behavior is affected by its consequences

Question 23

Law of Effect (Thorndike)

Answer 23

Consequences of a behavior determine if it is likely to be repeated

Learning by “Trial and accidental success”

Question 24

Neutral

Answer 24

Neither positive nor negative consequence

Behavior will not change in frequency

Question 25

Reinforcment

Answer 25

Positive consequence Behavior will increase in frequency

Question 26

Punishment

Answer 26

Negative consequence Behavior will decrease in frequency

Question 27

What are the 4 Operant Conditioning

Answer 27

Positive= presentation of something Negative = Removal of something Reinforcement = Increase Behavior Punishment = Decrease Behavior

Question 28

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 28

When a reward follows some behavior Ex. Parents show affection after kid helps with dishes

Question 29

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 29

When something unpleasant is removed after some behavior Ex. Parents taking away children's chores after keeping his room clean

Question 30

Positive Punishment

Answer 30

When something unpleasant follows some behavior Ex. Teacher scolding a student for talking in class

Question 31

Negative Punishment

Answer 31

When something is removed after some behavior Ex. Giving a driver a parking ticket

Question 32

Difficulties using Punishment

Answer 32

Tells a person what not to do, but does not inform what they should do Creates Anxiety Encourages subversive behavior

Question 33

What are the two rules for Schedules or Reinforcement

Answer 33

1. Continuous: Always reinforce response 2. Intermittent (Partial): Sometimes reinforce response

Question 34

What are the parts of an Intermittent (Partial)

Answer 34

Fixed-Ratio: After fixed number of responses Variable-Ratio: Reinforce after some average number of responses Fixed-Interval: Reinforce after fixed amount of time passes Variable-Interval: Reinforce after unpredictable amount of time elapsed

Question 35

Continuous Reinforcement

Answer 35

Desired response reinforced each time it occur

Question 36

Fixed Ratio

Answer 36

Reinforce behaviors after a set num of responses

Question 37

Variable-Ratio

Answer 37

Reinforce after unpredictable number of responses

Question 38

Fixed Interval

Answer 38

Reinforce response after set time has elapsed

Question 39

Variable-Interval

Answer 39

Reinforce response at unpredictable time intervals

Question 40

Continuous Reinforcement

Answer 40

Best to increase frequency of a behavior

Question 41

Intermittent Reinforcement

Answer 41

Best to maintain frequency of a behavior

Question 42

Shaping

Answer 42

Reinforce successive approximations of the desired behavior until the desired behavior is performed.

Question 43

Latent Learning

Answer 43

Leaning that is not directly observable.

Question 44

Mirror Neurons

Answer 44

Become activated when an animal observes or performs an action.

Question 45

Insight Learning

Answer 45

An “AHA” moment in which there is sudden understanding of a solution to a problem.

Question 46

Preparedness

Answer 46

For certain phobias. We are evolutionarily predisposed to be more afraid of certain things.

Question 47

Instinctive Drift

Answer 47

Tendency to return to innate behaviors after repeated reinforcement