chapter 5

Question 1

learning

Answer 1

A Relatively Permanent Change in Behavior That Occurs as a Result of Experience

Question 2

maturation

Answer 2

A biologically predetermined process of becomingmature.
The emergence of individual physical and behavioral characteristics through growth processes over time.

Question 3

classical conditioning

Answer 3

Ivan Pavlov 1927 Experiment with Dogs
Father of Classical Condition
Food: Unconditioned Stimulus
Salivation: Unconditioned response
Bell: Conditioned Stimulus
Salivation to Bell: Conditioned Response

Question 4

albert and white rat

Answer 4

(1920) John Watson: The father of American Behaviorism
11-month-old child
Getting Albert to fear something he was not afraid of prior.

Question 5

law of effect

Answer 5

“An organism will tend to repeat behavior that’s followed by a satisfying experience.”

Question 6

b.f skinner

Answer 6

“Operant or Instrumental Conditioning”

Positive reinforcement:
“A stimulus or event, which when followed by a response, increases the likelihood that the response will occur again.”
Motivation: Reduce food intake
Shaping: Method of successive approximations

Question 7

punishment

Answer 7

Decreases the likelihood that the behavior will occur again.

For Punishment to be effective it must possess 3 properties:
1. Intense
2. Consistent
3. Close in time and place

Question 8

negative reinforcement

Answer 8

An event whose reduction or termination increases the likelihood that the ongoing behavior will occur.

Question 9

primary/ secondary

Answer 9

food/ shelter/water

sex/ money/praise

Question 10

schedules of positive reinforcement

Answer 10

Continuous Reinforcement: Reinforcement every time a response is made
Fixed Ratio: Reinforcement after a fixed number of responses.
Fixed Interval: Reinforcement after a certain amount of time passes.
Variable Ratio: Reinforcement after a variable number of responses.
Variable Interval: Reinforcement occurs after various time intervals have passed.

Question 11

hidden learning/ insight learning

Answer 11

Learning can occur without reward

Learning that occurs rapidly as a result of understanding all the ingredients of a problem.

Question 12

imitation learning

Answer 12

An animal watches or human hears another do or say something then responds the same way.

Question 13

albert bandera experiment

Answer 13

experiment of children imitating aggressive behavior

Question 14

learned helplessness

Answer 14

To stop trying when one’s behavior has no effect on reward and punishment.