Chapter 5

Question 1

How much Intercellular fluid (ICF) makes up of total body water volume?

Answer 1

2/3

Question 2

How much does extracellular fluid take up of total body water volume?

Answer 2

1/3

Question 3

What are the two types of extracellular fluid?

Answer 3

1) Interstitial fluid which is the fluid between the circulatory system and the cell
2) Blood plasma which is the watery part of blood

Question 4

What is the major molecule that can pass through cells and the matrix outside of it?

Answer 4

H2O

Question 5

What is chemical disequilibrium?

Answer 5

In happens when there is a higher concentration of a solute in one part of the body than another

Question 6

What is an example of chemical disequilibrium?

Answer 6

Potassium (K+) being more concentrated inside of the cell while Calcium is more concentrated outside of the cell

Question 7

What is electrical disequilibrium?

Answer 7

Is when the charges of two different parts of the body are different from each other.

Question 8

What is an example of electrical disequilibrium?

Answer 8

As a result of the chemical disequilibrium the inside of the cell has more a positive charge and the outside of the cell has more of a negative charge.

Question 9

What are the 2 factors that affect the variation of body water in people?

Answer 9

The two main factors are age and sex. As infants we contain a significantly higher amount of body water than adults. Meanwhile, since women have more adipose tissue and men have more muscle tissue men have a higher amount of body water.

Question 10

What does the variation of body water matter?

Answer 10

It is important because in clinical practice the amount of body water of the individual affects how much medication is needed for them to take. Since it would dangerous to give them the wrong amount for their size.

Question 11

What is osmolarity?

Answer 11

It describes the amount of ions that are osmotically active per a liter of the specific solution

Question 12

How can cells be in osmotic equilibrium but chemical and electrical disequilibrium?

Answer 12

Cells can be in osmotic equilibrium but chemical and electrical disequilibrium because osmotic equilibrium only takes into account if the amount of water is equal across different portions of the body

Question 13

What does selectively permeable mean for the cell membrane?

Answer 13

It means that the membrane allows certain molecules to pass through easier than others based on the cells function and needs

Question 14

How is passive transport different from active transport?

Answer 14

It is different because passive transport does not require energy other than the potential energy of the concentration gradient. Meanwhile, active transport requires extra energy from atp to allow for the molecule to pass through

Question 15

What does protein mediated mean when it comes to cell transport?

Answer 15

It means the the protein that is embedded into the cell membrane is helping the ion or molecule to move across

Question 16

What is the difference between facilitated diffusion and active transport?

Answer 16

Facilitated diffusion is when molecules move across the cell membrane with the help of membrane protein. Compared to active transport which needs energy from another source such as a ligand or atp

Question 17

What does specificity mean when it comes to protein mediated transporters?

Answer 17

It refers to what kind of molecule the transporter will take and it will refuse to take others ex GLUT will not take disaccharides

Question 18

What is an example of specificity?

Answer 18

In the GLUT family of transporters it will only move six carbon sugars or hexoses across the membrane such as galactose, mannose, or glucose. It will refuse to take any disaccharide or any other kind of glucose

Question 19

What is GLUT?

Answer 19

A type of membrane protein that transports glucose

Question 20

What does saturation mean in terms of protein mediated transporters?

Answer 20

It means that that transporter reaches the amount of stuff that it can carry because all of its binding sites are full

Question 21

What is an example of saturation?

Answer 21

A GLUT transporter reaching its maximum capacity for carrying hexose sugars

Question 22

What does competition mean in terms of protein mediated transporters?

Answer 22

It refers to when substrates of a similar kind are competing for a binding site

Question 23

What is an example of competition?

Answer 23

GLUT transports move a group of hexose sugars but each transporter has a preference for its specific type of sugar such as mannose, or galactose.

Question 24

What does transport maximum mean?

Answer 24

It is when the transporter has reached its maximum since all of the binding sites are full of substrate

Question 25

What is an example of transport maximum?

Answer 25

A GLUT transporter reached its maximum capacity for carrying glucose

Question 26

What is paracellular absorption across the epithelial membrane?

Answer 26

It is a type of absorption that occurs when materials are able to move through the tight junctions that are holding the cells together

Question 27

What is vesicular transport (transcytosis)?

Answer 27

It is the epithelial membranes version of endocytosis, and vesicular transport. Because it membrane uses receptor mediated endocytosis to bring in a molecule (that would be too large to pass through on its own otherwise) where it gets transported though cells by a vesicle before getting released into the intertsitial fluid by exocytosis

Question 28

What an example of why transcytosis is needed?

Answer 28

Because that is what allows for infants to absorb antibodies from the placenta before birth but mainly breastmilk

Question 29

Is there a higher concentration of potassium inside of or outside of the cell?

Answer 29

Inside of the cell

Question 30

Is there a higher concentration of sodium inside or outside of the cell?

Answer 30

Outside

Question 31

Is there a higher concentration of chloride inside of or outside of the cell?

Answer 31

Outside

Question 32

What is a concentration gradient?

Answer 32

It is a gradient that is made up of the amount of ions that are inside of or outside of a cell

Question 33

What is electrical potential?

Answer 33

Electrical potential is the electrical charge from the inside and the outside of a cell. Which is affected by the amounts of ions and their locations

Question 34

What is an electrochemical gradient?

Answer 34

It takes into account both the electrical and chemical gradients of ions inside and outside of the cell.

Question 35

What does resting potential mean?

Answer 35

It is the resting potential is the charge that a cell has once its reached a steady state of ions and they are no longer adjusting their amounts

Question 36

What contributes to the membrane potential of each cell?

Answer 36

What contributes to the membrane potential of each cell is the cells membrane permiablitly allowing moleucules in at the amounts that are needed

Question 37

What does depolarizing mean in terms of membrane potential?

Answer 37

It is when the charge becomes less negative than would be at resting potential. (aka gets a little more postitive)

Question 38

What does hyperpolarization mean?

Answer 38

It is when the charge gets more negative than it normally is at resting potential

Question 39

What does repolarizing mean?

Answer 39

It is working to get the cell back to resting potential after hyperpolarization occured.

Question 40

What's NA+ -K+-ATPase's role in maintaining resting membrane potential?

Answer 40

NA+-K+-ATPase maintains the resting potential by maintaining the amount of potassium ions needed inside the cell and sodium ions outside of the cell to keep it in the balance needed for resting membrane potential

Question 41

What is an example of depolarization?

Answer 41

An example of depolarization would be when a vesicle of the cell lets in a hormone or neurotransmitter that opens up a sodium NA+) channel

Question 42

What is an example of Repolarization?

Answer 42

An example of repolarization would be after change in charge the Sodium potassium pump brings it back to resting potential

Question 43

What is an example of hyperpolarization?

Answer 43

An example of hyperpolarization would if a vesicle of a cell lets in a neurotransmitter or a hormone that opens up a chloride channel making it more negative

Question 44

What is the charge of a membrane's resting potential?

Answer 44

-70 mV

Question 45

What causes for the resting potential of a membrane to occur?

Answer 45

The membrane's semipermiabilty keeping the positive and negative ions apart causing a difference in the ICF and ECF charges