Chapter 11

Question 1

What are the 2 subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 1

The two subdivisions include:
- the parasympathetic
- the sympathetic

Question 2

Which branch of the (ANS) is associated with rest and digest activities?

Answer 2

The parasympathetic controls activities such as digestion

Question 3

What branch of the (ANS) is associated with fight or flight behaviors?

Answer 3

The sympathetic

Question 4

What are autonomic reflexes?

Answer 4

Reflexes that are controlled by the autonomic pathway of the PNS

Question 5

What are some organ systems that are regulated by autonomic reflexes?

Answer 5

Nervous, digestive, respratory, cardiovascular endocrine, integumentary, and reproductive systems

Question 6

What is an example of an autonomic reflex in the nervous system?

Answer 6

The limbic system in the brain producing an emotion that results in the autonomic reflex of “butterflies in the stomach” or fainting when seeing a needle

Question 7

What does antagonistic control in the (ANS) mean?

Answer 7

It is when one of the autonomic branches produces an excitatory response and the other produces an inhibitory response

Question 8

What is an example of antagonistic control?

Answer 8

For example the sympathetic branch increases the heart rate while the parasympathetic slows it down

Question 9

What does it mean for an organ to be singly innervated?

Answer 9

It means that it is only innervated by either the sympathetic or parasympathetic branch

Question 10

What is an example of an organ that is singly innervated?

Answer 10

The lacrimal gland is innervated by just the parasympathetic division

Question 11

What does cooperative control of the ANS mean?

Answer 11

It means that both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions work to produce a similar response from one part of the body

Question 12

What is an example of cooperative control in the body?

Answer 12

In the salivary glands the sympathetic nervous system produces a serous secretion and the parasympathetic produces more of a watery secretion

Question 13

Where does the sympathetic nervous system come from the CNS?

Answer 13

From the spinal nerves of the spinal cord

Question 14

Where does the parasympathetic nervous system come from the CNS?

Answer 14

It comes from the cranial and sacral nerves which is why it is called the cranial sacral region

Question 15

In the autonomic pathway is the preganglionic neuron myelinated or unmyelinated?

Answer 15

Myelinated in both divisions

Question 16

In the autonomic pathway is the postganglionic neuron myelinated or unmyelinated?

Answer 16

Unmyelinated

Question 17

Where are the ganglions located in the sympathetic version?

Answer 17

They can be located in the sympathetic chain ganglia (a chain of ganglia that surrounds the spinal cord) or collateral ganglia which are outside of the ganglia chain

Question 18

What are the 3 different collateral ganglia names?

Answer 18

The celiac ganglion
The superior mesenteric
The inferior mesenteric

Question 19

Where are the ganglions located in parasympathetic branch?

Answer 19

For most of the ganglions in the parasympathetic division, the ganglions are located on the organs themselves except for the ones that innervate cranial organs

Question 21

What are the lengths of the pre and postganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic division?

Answer 21

Preganglionic neurons are long and the post ganglionic neurons are short

Question 22

What are the lengths of the pre and postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division?

Answer 22

Preganglionic are short and postganglionic are long

Question 23

What neurotransmitter is released by the preganglionic neuron in the sympathetic division?

Answer 23

ACh

Question 24

What neurotransmitter is released by the preganglionic neuron in the parasympathetic division?

Answer 24

Ach

Question 25

Which neurotransmitter is released by the post ganglionic neuron onto the target in the sympathetic division?

Answer 25

Norepinephrine

Question 26

Which neurotransmitter is released by the post ganglionic neuron onto the target in the parasympathetic division?

Answer 26

ACh

Question 27

What kind of receptor is found on the target of a sympathetic pathway?

Answer 27

An adrenergic receptor

Question 28

What kind of receptor is found on the target of a parasympathetic pathway?

Answer 28

A musacarinic receptor

Question 29

Is nicotine an agonist on nicotonic receptors?

Answer 29

Yes, it blocks other neurotransmitters

Question 30

Does nicotine affect the sympathetic, parasympathetic, or both?

Answer 30

Both because they both have nicotinic receptors at the synapse between the pre and postganglionic cell

Question 31

What kinds of receptors are found at synapse between the pre and postganglionic cell?

Answer 31

Nicotinic because it recieves ACh

Question 32

Are nicotonic receptors g- protein receptors or ligand gated ion channels?

Answer 32

Ligand gated ion channels

Question 33

Are musacrinic receptors G-protein receptors or ligand gated ion channels?

Answer 33

G-protein receptors

Question 34

What is the effect of muscarine (a compound in hallucinogenic mushrooms) on the sympathetic, parasympathetic, or both?

Answer 34

Parasympathetic nervous system

Question 35

What is unique about the innervation of the adrenal medulla compared to the rest of the sympathetic innervation?

Answer 35

- the postganglionic neruon is an anaxonic neuron that is imbedded into the adrenal medulla itself - the postganglionic neurons release the neurohormone Epinephrine that goes into the bloodstream - the adrenal medulla itself is a modified ganglion

Question 36

Why do sympathetic effects typically longer parasympathetic effects?

Answer 36

Because it releases norepinephrine which is a hormone that goes into the bloodstream and it circulates around the body

Question 37

Which organs are dually innervated?

Answer 37

- eye - nose -mouth -lungs -heart -stomach -large intestine -small intestine -reproductive organs

Question 38

Which organs are singly innervated?

Answer 38

- lacrimal gland - adrenal medulla - stomach blood vessels - skeletal muscle blood vessels - adipose tissue

Question 39

Which division causes the eye to dilate and constrict?

Answer 39

Sympathetic- dialate Parasympathetic- constrict

Question 40

Which division causes the salivary glands to secrete mucus or serous (watery) solution?

Answer 40

Sympathetic- mucus Parasympathetic- serous (watery)

Question 41

Which division causes the heart to increase its rate and constrict versus drop in rate.

Answer 41

Sympathetic- increase heart rate and contraction Parasympathetic- decreases heart rate

Question 42

Which division causes the broncholi in the lungs to widen versus constrict?

Answer 42

Sympathetic- widens bronchioles Parasympathetic- constricts bronchioles

Question 43

Which division causes the GI tract to inhibit versus stimulates digestion?

Answer 43

Sympathetic- inhibits digestion Parasympathetic- stimulates digestion

Question 44

Which division causes the pancreas to stimulate versus inhibit activity?

Answer 44

Sympathetic- inhibits Parasympathetic- stimulates

Question 45

Which division causes the adrenal glands to release epinephreine and norenpinephrine?

Answer 45

Sympathetic

Question 46

Which system causes the GI glands to inhibit the release of enzymes and which causes the GI gland to increase the amount of enzymes that are secreted?

Answer 46

Sympathetic inhibits the release Parasympathetic stimulates the release

Question 47

Which division causes the vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the stomach?

Answer 47

Sympathetic

Question 48

Which division causes the blood vessels of the skeletal muscles to vasodialate?

Answer 48

Sympathetic

Question 49

Which division causes the bladder to retain and release urine?

Answer 49

Sympathetic- retain Parasympathetic- release

Question 50

Which division causes the adipose tissue to breakdown fat?

Answer 50

The sympathetic nervous system

Question 51

What are the effectors of the sympathetic division?

Answer 51

Skeletal muscle

Question 52

What are the effectors of the parasympathetic division?

Answer 52

-Smooth and cardiac muscle -Endocrine and exocrine glands -Some adipose tissue

Question 53

What is unique about the somatic motor pathways compared to the autonomic one?

Answer 53

-That in the somatic pathways there are no ganglions, - it always releases ACh onto a nicotonic receptor so it always produces an excitatory response - It can target mutiple cells at once

Question 54

What is unique about autonomic pathways compared to motor?

Answer 54

-They have pre and postgangionic neuron before the target is reached -It can release ACh or norenpinephrine depending on the pathway -It effects visceral receptors such as glands, smooth, and cardiac muscle

Question 55

Are autonomic pathways always excitatory?

Answer 55

No, depending on the neurotransmitter, the target, and the receptor it can either be excitatory or inhibitory

Question 56

What is the anatomy of a neuromuscular junction?

Answer 56

It is the synapse/ connection between a motor neuron and the motor end plate of a muscle cell

Question 57

What is the motor end plate of a muscle cell?

Answer 57

It is a specialized part of the sarcolemma (the outside of a muscle cell) which special folds that creates a larger surface area where ACh from the motor neuron can bind to

Question 58

How does a signal from the motor neuron reach the motor end plate of the muscle cell?

Answer 58

- the ap reaches the axon terminal which causes the ligand gated ion channels to open - the ligand gated ion channels bring in calcium - this causes the synaptic vesicles to bind to the membrane of the cell and release ACh - the ACh binds to the nicotinic receptor

Question 59

What kind of receptors always produce an excitatory response?

Answer 59

Nicotinic receptors

Question 60

What kind of response can norepinephrine produce on the target?

Answer 60

excitatory or inhibitory

Question 61

What kind of response can acetylcholine produce on a target?

Answer 61

excitatory or inhibitory

Question 62

What do the kidneys do?

Answer 62

produce and release enzymes that promote homeostasis

Question 63

Which systems of ANS innervate the kidneys? And how? (inhibit/promote etc)

Answer 63

Sympathetic- promotes secretion of enzymes

Question 64

What does the gallbladder do?

Answer 64

It produces and releases bile which helps breakdown fats

Question 65

Which systems of ANS innervate the gallbladder? And how? (inhibit/promote etc)

Answer 65

Sympathetic- inhibits Parasympathetic- promotes

Question 66

What does the liver do?

Answer 66

Creates bile (which supports digestion)

Question 67

Which systems of ANS innervate the liver? And how? (inhibit/promote etc)

Answer 67

Sympathetic - inhibits Parasympathetic- promotes