Chapter 26 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the major function of the female gonads?
A
To produce and release fully developed folliciles in the case that one of them may get fertilized and grow into a fetus
2
Q
What is the major function of the male gonads?
A
To produce, mature, and release sperm in the case it may fertilize an egg
3
Q
What is gametogenesis?
A
It is the production of the gametes
4
Q
What is the role of the gonads?
A
To produce gametes and secrete sex hormones
5
Q
What is the field of study for the female reproductive system?
A
Gynocology
6
Q
What is the field of study for the male reproductive system?
A
Urology
7
Q
Are the stem cells in the gonads diploid or haploid?
A
Diploid
8
Q
How many chromosomes are in diploid cells? How many pairs?
A
46 which are put into 23 pairs
9
Q
How many sex chromosomes does each haploid gamete contain?
A
Just one which is either an (x or a y)
10
Q
Diploid refers to cells that are ______ of chromosomes
A
pairs
11
Q
Are gametes diploid or haploid cells?
A
they are haploid because they each have half of the dna which can be shared to make in individual
12
Q
Which numbered pair of chromosomes is our sex chromosomes?
A
23
13
Q
What are the sex chromosomes for biological females?
A
X, X
14
Q
What are the sex chromosomes for biological males?
A
X, Y
15
Q
Females will always pass down which sex chromosome to their offspring?
A
X
16
Q
Which sex chromosomes can males pass down to their offspring?
A
X or Y
17
Q
One of which chromosome is needed for survival?
A
X chromosome
18
Q
If an offspring has a Y chromosome they will biologically be….? And did they get it from the biological male or female?
A
Male and got it from their male parent
19
Q
Which sex chromosome is bigger and why?
A
The x is bigger because it has a tons of genes that code for the overall functioning of the offspring
20
Q
What does the bipotential stage refer to in fetal reproductive development?
A
It means that the fetus still has the structures of both and that it hasn’t grown enough to differentiate yet
21
Q
What are the two ducts/pathways that are present during the bipotential phase?
A
Mullerian and Wolffian ducts.
22
Q
Which duct pathway leads to the autonomically female and male pathways?
A
The Mullerian develops into female anatomy and Wolffian develops into male anatomy.
23
Q
What happens to the other set of ducts if the chromosomes do not code for it?
A
It will degenerate
24
Q
What is the size of the y chromosome compared to the other chromosomes? and what does it code for?
A
It is small and it only really codes for the development of the testis
25
What does SRY stand for?
Sex- determining region of the y chromosome.
26
What biological sex does the presence of a functional SRY gene indicate the development for?
the male anatomy where the testis will begin to produce testosterone
27
What causes the development of male anatomy?
the presence of testosterone over a period of weeks of development starting from 6w
28
What causes the female anatomy to develop?
the absence of testosterone
29
What happens to the development of someone's reproductive system if they are chomosomaly male but their receptors can't bind to testosterone?
Then the person is chromosomally male with female anatomy
30
The development of which anatomy is seen as the default?
Female
31
What is needed to have functional ovaries?
many genes not just the absence of y chromosomes or testosterone
32
Why doesn't estrogen spur the development of the female pathway?
It's because the baby is exposed to a lot of estrogen during pregnancy from the person who is carrying the fetus
33
Are the embryonic tissues the same or different for the development of each sex?
They are the same so it means reproductive tissues are derived from the same tissues
34
What is homologous structures in males and females?
Where while they are developed differently, they were derived from the same embryonic structures
35
At how many weeks in fetal development can the differentiation in the development pathways begin to be seen?
10 weeks of development
36
Are testosterone and estrogen antagonists? Why or why not?
They are not because when looking at the functions they are actually very similar since they both promote the development of the reproductive structures.
37
Is testosterone an Androgen?
yes but there are other hormones that are androgens too
38
All the cells in our body are diploid except for ______
gametes
39
What happens in mitosis?
starts with a diploid cell and goes through Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase once to result in 2 genetically identical cells
40
What happens in meiosis?
starts with a diploid cell and goes through Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase twice and involves the crossing over of genetic materials between the homologous pairs or chromosomes that code for the same thing to create unique chromosomes. This results in 4 non-identical cells (gametes) that are haploid cells
41
What does mitosis do?
- facilitates growth/ repair of tissues
42
What does meiosis do?
It creates unique cells that can potentially form distinct individuals
43
Which cell division process only take place in the gonads?
Meiosis
44
In which sex is meiosis in the gonads more frequent? And why?
Males because they produce more sperm in their lives than females produce eggs
45
When does meiosis start to take place in males? How long does it continue to happen for?
It starts at puberty and continues for the rest of their lives although it will slow down while they get older it never completely stops until they die
46
When does meiosis first begin to occur in females?
It begins in utero because by the time the baby is born they are born with all the eggs they have
47
When does the process of meiosis of the female gonads finish?
It finishes when an ovulated ovum gets fertilized
48
Where/when do sperm cells complete their meiosis?
In the testis before they are released
49
Which gamete is bigger in size an ova or sperm? And why?
An egg because it contains everything that is needed to support early embryonic development
50
Can sperm move by itself? what allows for it to do so?
Yes with it's flagellum or tail
51
Can eggs move by themselves?
No it gets moved by cilia in the uterine tubes to the uterus
52
What do spermatids refer to?
Sperm that has not completed their development
53
After birth in females when does meiosis resume for the eggs?
At the start of puberty some of the primary oocytes will undergo further meiosis
54
In female gamete development what stage is an oocyte at when it gets ovulated?
It is a secondary oocyte
55
How long does an oocyte live after ovulation?
For 24 hours
56
How long can sperm live for after release?
for a few days
57
What are some factors that cause the release of a neuropeptide called kisspeptin?
Melatonin or day/night cycles (sense of age)
Nutritional status or body fat
Stress
Environmental estrogens (endocrine disrupters in food/plastics)
58
Where does kisspeptin come from? And does it effect?
It comes from the brain and goes to the hypothalamus
59
How does an individuals weight impact the timing of the onset of puberty?
If someone is overweight they are more likely to start sooner
If someone is underweight they are more likely to start later
60
How do environmental estrogens affect the onset of puberty?
It also causes the onset of puberty to be sooner
61
What does kisspeptin cause the release of from the hypothalamus?
It causes the release of GnRH or gonadotrophic releasing hormone
62
What does GnRH stimulate the release of from the anterior pituitary?
LH and FSH
63
What is the effect of LH on the gonads?
To stimulate the endocrine cells to produce hormones
64
What is the effect of FSH on the gonads?
It stimulates the production of the gametes
65
In which sex doe LH also stimulate the production of the gametes?
Females
66
Which part of the brain directs gamete production?
The hypothalamus
67
Which gametes mostly produce androgens? Which gametes mostly produce estrogens?
Testis
Ovaries
68
Where else in the body is sex hormones produced besides the gametes?
The adrenal cortex
69
What kinds of hormones are inhibin and activin?
peptide hormones
70
What is inhibin's effect on FSH? What about activin's?
Inhibin inhibits FSH
Activin promotes FSH
71
What is the effect of androgens on GnRH?
It inhibits it
72
What is the effect of moderate estrogen on GnRH?
It inhibits it
73
What is the effect of high or rising estrogen on FSH and LH? And what does this cause?
Both the levels increase and it causes ovulation
74
What are the 2 external genitalia structures in males? And what is contained within them?
The Penis which contains erectile tissue and the urethra
The Scrotum contains the testis, and ducts
75
In the penis, the corpus spongiosum surrounds the _________
urethra
76
In the penis, the corpora cavernosa is located on either side of the ________
urethra
77
What causes vascular congestion of the penis?
When in the erectile tissue the arterial flow into the tissue exceeds the venous outflow during erection
78
In the penis, the urethra carries both _________ and ___________ outside of the body
Urine and semen
79
What are the names of the tubes that make up the duct system of the penis?
the epididymis and the ductus deferens
80
What is done to reduce the temperature of the testis? (which is needed for sperm survival)
- low blood flow
- outside of the body cavity
81
Which kind of the 3 kinds of muscle tissue is used to move the testis away from the body?
smooth muscle
82
What is the pathway of sperm from the testis to the external urethral office?
It goes from the
-testis to the
-epididymis out to the
-ductus deferens, past the
-seminal vesicle, then the
- prostate gland where it unites with the bladder and can be passed through the
- urethra
83
What is the order of the male accessory glands? going out from the testis
Seminal
Prostate
bulbourethral
84
What happens in a vascetomy?
It is where the vans deferens are cut and tied off
85
A vasectomy is almost always 100% effective unless the surgeon doesn't ___ _____ ___ correctly
tie it off
86
After vasectomy does sperm production continue? And what happens to any sperm in there?
Production does continue but it just degenerates
87
What are the cells that are seminiferous tubules that produce sperm?
Spermatogonia (stem cells)
Sustentacular cells
Leidig cells
88
What is the role of the spermatogonia? Are they diploid or haploid?
They are the sperm stem cells that are diploid and as they go though meiosis they will develop into haploid
89
How do the sustenacular support the development of the cells?
-they form a blood testis barrier to protect the developing sperm from any harmful substances
- they also provide nourishment for the developing sperm
90
What is the role of the Leidig cells? Where are they located?
They are outside of the seminiferous tubules and they release testosterone
91
How much sperm is generated in a day? How long does this take?
200 million
~ two months
92
Which hormone regulates the sperm count/ production in the testis around homeostasis?
FSH
93
If there is too much sperm in the testis which hormone is relased to inhibit FSH?
Inhibin
94
LH stimulates __________ ________ to produce testosterone
Interstital/ Ledig cells
95
How is testosterone levels regulated?
Through negative feedback
96
Where is the acrosome located on a sperm? And what is it's role?
It is located at the head of the sperm and contains enzymes that help them break into an egg
97
Do sperm continue development after completing meiosis? If so, what do they still need to develop to become functional?
Yes, they develop an acrosome and a flagellum (tail)
Lose some organelles to shrink in size
98
What is the role of a flagellum of a sperm?
To help it move/swim around
99
Malfunctions at this structure of the sperm is the the most common issue with male infertility?
issues with the enzymes of the acrosomes
100
What is the role of the bulbourethral glands? What do they secrete and when to they secrete?
It is to clear out the urethra of urine before ejaculation occurs
They release mucus and bicarbonate to neutralize any of the potential acid leftover from the urine
101
What does the seminal vesicles release?
It releases
fructose - to provide energy for sperm
clotting proteins- to form seminal clots
buffers- buffer against acid
prostaglandins- that help the sperm swim
102
What does the prostate gland secrete?
Citric acid- nutrients for sperm
Proteolytic enzymes- help the sperm penetrate an egg
103
In biological males what promotes the development of secondary sex charateristics?
Androgens (which includes testosterone)
104
What are the sex characteristics of biological males?
-Coarse hair growth (facial hair)
- muscular and bone growth
- Laryngeal cartilage growth (deepening of voice)
- sex drive
105
What structure monitors entry to the uterus?
The cervix
106
What is the role of the mucus at the cervix and how does it change based on the menstrual cycle?
It is to allow or let things into the uterus it is more likely to help sperm around the time of ovulation but the rest of the time its not going to help it
107
What about the surface of uterine tubes helps move the oocyte to the uterus?
it has the long smooth muscle that contract to move it along and cilia that beats to move it along as well
108
Is the ovary connected to the uterine tube? How does the oocyte travel from the ovary to the uterine tube?
It does not connect so when an oocyte is released the fimbriae which are at the enterance to the uterine tube have to pick it up
109
Where does fertilization of an ovum happen in the female reproductive system?
It happens in the uterine tubes
110
How much does the myometrium grow during pregnancy?
20x
111
What do the two layers does the endometrium consist of?
The regenerative basal layer and the transient functional layer
112
Which layer of the endometrium sloughs off if the oocyte is not fertilized?
The transient functional layer
113
What is formed in the mammary glands during puberty?
the ducts are formed
adipose tissues is deposited there
prolactin in inhibited
114
What is the effect on the mammary glands during pregnancy?
ducts mature
prolactin is inhibited
115
In pregnancy after the __________ is delivered is when prolactin is no longer inhibited
placenta
116
What is the name of the stem cell in the ovaries that generates primary oocytes?
oogonium
117
How long into development does oogenesis being in utero?
around 5 months
118
How many primary oocytes are formed in utero?
Around 7 million
119
How many oocytes degenerate before birth?
5 million
120
What does atresia mean?
It degenerates
121
How many more primary oocytes undergo atresia before puberty?
around 1.6 million
122
How many oocytes are viable by puberty?
400,000
123
What stage of meiosis are the primary oocytes paused in?
Meiosis 1 or the first of 2 cell divisions
124
When is meiosis one of an oocyte completed?
It is completed once the process is resumed during puberty and it is completed in the ovarian cycle
125
What stage of meiosis is a secondary oocyte in?
It has completed meiosis 1
126
Are oogonium found in the ovaries of adult females? What has happened to them?
no, they have all undergone atresia at that point
127
How is a polar body formed?
it is formed when a cell division occurs so when a primary oocyte becomes a secondary oocyte etc it forms a polar body
128
What is a polar body?
It is the cell that is produced that does not get a cytoplasm or ogranelles
129
What happens to the polar body?
It just degenerates because it can't do anything
130
Which oocyte gets ovulated?
The secondary oocyte gets ovulated
131
At what stage is the secondary oocyte paused in?
Metaphase 2 of meiosis
132
Under what conditions will the secondary oocyte complete meiosis? if not, what happens?
If it gets fertilized, if that does not happen it will die
133
What is a zygote
egg + sperm
134
What is a follicle in the ovaries?
An egg with a bunch of cells around it
135
What phase are the majority of follicles in the ovaries?
Primordial
136
What stage is the egg inside of the primordial follicle? And what type of follicular cells are surrounding it?
It is a primary oocyte and it is surrounded by simple squamous follicular cells
137
What are the characteristics of a primary follicle?
-It has a larger primary oocyte
- it has estrogen producing granulosa cells
- It has protective zona pellucida
138
The granulosa cells of the follicles resemble what cells in the testis in terms of function?
They resemble sertoli cells
139
What are the charateristics of the secondary follicles?
-they respond strongly to FSH and LH
- the follicle increases in size with multiple layers of grandulosa cells
- more estrogen production
- contains a primary oocyte
140
What is the role of the thecal cells? Where are they located in the follicle? And what cells are similar to them in the testis?
The produce androgens that get converted into estrogens and they are located outside of the follicle. As a result they are similar to the ledig cells in the testis
141
What are the characteristics of the tertiary follicles?
- Contains a secondary oocyte
- generates a corona radiata to anchor and support the oocyte
-secretes follicular fluid
142
What happens in the early follicular phase in the ovaries? And how does it effect the uterine cycle?
FSH is stimulating the primordial follicles to develop into primary follicles but is regulated by AMH to make sure only one gets developed
The increase in the granulosa cells increases estrogen and causes the proliferation of the uterus
143
Which part of the tertiary follicle gets ovulated?
the secondary oocyte and the surrounding corona radiata layer the rest of the fluid and follicle gets left behind
144
When does the menses occur?
days 1-5
145
What happens in menses of the uterus?
The functional layer of the endometrium is getting sloughed off
146
When does the proliferative phase occur in the uterus? What happens in the uterus and the cervix?
days 6-14
The endometrium is growing back due to increasing estrogens and creates a watery cervical mucus that is hostile to sperm
- the mucus changes to be more stretchy and welcoming to sperm around ovulation
147
What happens in the ovaries during the mid-late follicular phase?
-Rising/High estrogens stimulate GnRH
-LH spike induces completion of meiosis 1
- Inhibins continue to block FSH to make sure that no other follicles are stimulated
- Secondary oocyte and corona radiata are ovulated
148
What does the corpus ablicans become?
Scar tissue
149
For ovulation to occur, a surge in what hormone causes the follicular wall to weaken?
LH
150
What happens in the early luteal phase in the ovaries?
The corpus luteum is formed and secretes progesterone and estrogen to maintain the lining of the uterus
it also releases inhibin to the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to stop a new cycle from beginning
151
What happens in the secretory phase?
It is when the corpus luteum and endometrial tissue are both releasing hormones that could facilitate implantation if it were to occur
152
What days does the secretory phase occur? What happens in the uterus?
days 15-26
-begins by increasing progesterone levels from the corpus luteum
-stores glycogen (for potential embryo)
- thick cervical mucus (inhosptiable)
- increased basal temperature (due to progesterone)
153
How does birth control work?
they are agonists for estrogen and progesterone which causes negative feedback on FSH stopping the development of follicles
154
What happens in the ovaries during the late luteal phase?
- the corpus luteum atrophies ~12 days unless HCG is present
- if HCG is not present then the hormone levels will drop
155
What is the role of HGC?
it helps to maintain the corpus luteum so it can produce progesterone and estrogens to maintain the lining of the uterus
156
What days of the cycle does the premenstrual phase occur? And what happens during that phase?
days 27-28
the reduced progesterone levels cause
- vascular spasms
- tissue death
- ruptured arteries
157
What hormone do pregnancy tests detect?
HCG because that is released by the embryo
158
What hormone promotes the secondary sex characteristics in females?
Estrogen
159
What are the two hormones in females that start puberty?
Leptin- which is related to body fat %
GnRh
160
What can cause females to have no periods?
Low levels or loss of body fat
161
What are the secondary sex characteristics that are developed in females?
Adipose distribution
breast development
coarse hair growth
sex drive
162
What are the requirements of internal fertilization?
- sperm delivery mechanism
- sperm-reciving apparatus
163
As females age, fertility declines due to...
- decrease in the number of viable eggs
- less frequent ovulation
- declining ability of the uterus to support the embryo
164
What is the effect on estrogen levels as the ovaries become less responsive to FSH?
Estrogen levels drop
165
With the drop of estrogen levels in menopause what is the effect on the feedback loops?
It will increase GnRH, LH, and FSH to try to stimulate it
166
What some symptoms of menopause?
-cessation of mensturation
- hot flashes
-osteoperosis
167
Which hormone causes hot flashes in menopause?
estrogen levels
168
What is andropause?
it is the decline in male fertility as they age
169
When does andropause tend to occur in men?
around age 55
170
What are the symptoms of andropause?
reduced muscle synthesis
less viable sperm
reduced sex drive
171
What are the symptoms of an enlarged prostate?
frequent urination and decreased force of urine stream
172
How common is an enlarged prostate in men over 60?
it occurs in roughly 1/3 of males
