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Psychology 1000 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

(93 cards)

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1
Q

absolute threshold

A

minimum amount of stimulus energy that must be present for the stimulus to be detected 50% of the time

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2
Q

afterimage

A

continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus

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3
Q

amplitude

A

height of a wave

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4
Q

basilar membrane

A

thin strip of tissue within the cochlea that contains the hair cells which serve as the sensory receptors for the auditory system

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5
Q

binaural cue

A

two-eared cue to localize sound

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6
Q

binocular cue

A

cue that relies on the use of both eyes

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7
Q

binocular disparity

A

slightly different view of the world that each eye receives

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8
Q

blind spot

A

point where we cannot respond to visual information in that portion of the visual field

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9
Q

bottom-up processing

A

system in which perceptions are built from sensory input

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10
Q

closure

A

organizing our perceptions into complete objects rather than as a series of parts

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11
Q

cochlea

A

fluid-filled, snail-shaped structure that contains the sensory receptor cells of the auditory system

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12
Q

cochlear implant

A

electronic device that consists of a microphone, a speech processor, and an electrode array to directly stimulate the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain

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13
Q

conductive hearing loss

A

failure in the vibration of the eardrum and/or movement of the ossicles

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14
Q

cone

A

specialized photoreceptor that works best in bright light conditions and detects colour

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15
Q

congenital deafness

A

deafness from birth

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16
Q

congenital insensitivity to pain (congenital analgesia)

A

genetic disorder that results in the inability to experience pain

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17
Q

cornea

A

transparent covering over the eye

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18
Q

deafness

A

partial or complete inability to hear

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19
Q

decibel (dB)

A

logarithmic unit of sound intensity

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20
Q

depth perception

A

ability to perceive depth

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21
Q

electromagnetic spectrum

A

all the electromagnetic radiation that occurs in our environment

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22
Q

figure-ground relationship

A

segmenting our visual world into figure and ground

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23
Q

fovea

A

small indentation in the retina that contains cones

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24
Q

frequency

A

number of waves that pass a given point in a given time period

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25
Gestalt psychology
field of psychology based on the idea that the whole is different from the sum of its parts
26
good continuation
(also, continuity) we are more likely to perceive continuous, smooth flowing lines rather than jagged, broken lines
27
hair cell
auditory receptor cell of the inner ear
28
hertz (Hz)
cycles per second; measure of frequency
29
inattentional blindness
failure to notice something that is completely visible because of a lack of attention
30
incus
middle ear ossicle; also known as the anvil
31
inflammatory pain
signal that some type of tissue damage has occurred
32
interaural level difference
sound coming from one side of the body is more intense at the closest ear because of the attenuation of the sound wave as it passes through the head
33
interaural timing difference
small difference in the time at which a given sound wave arrives at each ear
34
iris
coloured portion of the eye
35
just noticeable difference
difference in stimuli required to detect a difference between the stimuli
36
kinaesthesia
perception of the body’s movement through space
37
lens
curved, transparent structure that provides additional focus for light entering the eye
38
linear perspective
perceive depth in an image when two parallel lines seem to converge
39
malleus
middle ear ossicle; also known as the hammer
40
Meissner’s corpuscle
touch receptor that responds to pressure and lower frequency vibrations
41
Ménière’s disease
results in a degeneration of inner ear structures that can lead to hearing loss, tinnitus, vertigo, and an increase in pressure within the inner ear
42
Merkel’s disk
touch receptor that responds to light touch
43
monaural cue
one-eared cue to localize sound
44
monocular cue
cue that requires only one eye
45
neuropathic pain
pain from damage to neurones of either the peripheral or central nervous system
46
nociception
sensory signal indicating potential harm and maybe pain
47
olfactory bulb
bulb-like structure at the tip of the frontal lobe, where the olfactory nerves begin
48
olfactory receptor
sensory cell for the olfactory system
49
opponent-process theory of colour perception
colour is coded in opponent pairs: black-white, yellow-blue, and red-green
50
optic chiasm
X-shaped structure that sits just below the brain’s ventral surface; represents the merging of the optic nerves from the two eyes and the separation of information from the two sides of the visual field to the opposite side of the brain
51
optic nerve
carries visual information from the retina to the brain
52
Pacinian corpuscle
touch receptor that detects transient pressure and higher frequency vibrations
53
pattern perception
ability to discriminate among different figures and shapes
54
peak
(also, crest) highest point of a wave
55
perception
way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced
56
perceptual hypothesis
educated guess used to interpret sensory information
57
pheromone
chemical message sent by another individual
58
photoreceptor
light-detecting cell
59
pinna
visible part of the ear that protrudes from the head
60
pitch
perception of a sound’s frequency
61
place theory of pitch perception
different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies
62
principle of closure
organize perceptions into complete objects rather than as a series of parts
63
proprioception
perception of body position
64
proximity
things that are close to one another tend to be grouped together
65
psychophysics
branch of psychology that studies the effects of physical stimuli on sensory perceptions and mental states
66
pupil
small opening in the eye through which light passes
67
response bias
behavioural tendency to respond “yes”
68
retina
light-sensitive lining of the eye
69
rod
specialized photoreceptor that works well in low light conditions
70
Ruffini corpuscle
touch receptor that detects stretch
71
sensation
what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor
72
sensitivity
the true ability of the individual to detect the presence or absence of signals
73
sensorineural hearing loss
failure to transmit neural signals from the cochlea to the brain
74
sensory adaptation
not perceiving stimuli that remain relatively constant over prolonged periods of time
75
signal detection analysis
technique used to determine the ability of the perceiver to separate true signals from background noise
76
similarity
things that are alike tend to be grouped together
77
stapes
middle ear ossicle; also known as the stirrup
78
subliminal stimuli
events that occur below the absolute threshold and of which we are not conscious
79
taste bud
grouping of taste receptor cells with hair-like extensions that protrude into the central pore of the taste bud
80
temporal theory of pitch perception
sound’s frequency is coded by the activity level of a sensory neurone
81
thermoception
temperature perception
82
timbre
sound’s purity
83
top-down processing
interpretation of sensations is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts
84
transduction
conversion from sensory stimulus energy to action potential
85
trichromatic theory of colour perception
colour vision is mediated by the activity across the three groups of cones
86
trough
lowest point of a wave
87
tympanic membrane
eardrum
88
umami
taste for monosodium glutamate
89
vertigo
spinning sensation
90
vestibular sense
contributes to our ability to maintain balance and body posture
91
visible spectrum
portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that we can see
92
wavelength
length of a wave from one peak to the next peak
93
Weber’s law
the just noticeable difference of a stimulus is a constant proportion of the original intensity of the stimulus

Psychology 1000 (9 decks)

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