Chapter 7

Question 1

period of initial learning in classical conditioning
a human or an animal begins to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus will begin to elicit the conditioned response

Answer 1

acquisition

Question 2

form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment (classical and operant conditioning)

Answer 2

associative learning

Question 3

learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behaviour and then gets paired or associated with the behaviour

Answer 3

classical conditioning

Question 4

mental picture of the layout of the environment

Answer 4

cognitive map

Question 5

response caused by the conditioned stimulus

Answer 5

conditioned response (CR)

Question 6

stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Answer 6

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Question 7

rewarding a behaviour every time it occurs

Answer 7

continuous reinforcement

Question 8

decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus

Answer 8

extinction

Question 9

a type of classical conditioning that elicits a fear response

Answer 9

fear conditioning

Question 10

behaviour is rewarded after a set amount of time

Answer 10

fixed interval reinforcement schedule

Question 11

set number of responses must occur before a behaviour is rewarded

Answer 11

fixed ratio reinforcement schedule

Question 12

using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus

Answer 12

higher-order conditioning (also, second-order conditioning)

Question 13

the sudden understanding of a solution to a problem

Answer 13

insight

Question 14

unlearned knowledge, involving complex patterns of behaviour; thought to be more prevalent in lower animals than in humans

Answer 14

instinct

Question 15

learning that occurs, but it may not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it

Answer 15

latent learning

Question 16

behaviour that is followed by consequences satisfying to the organism will be repeated and behaviours that are followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged

Answer 16

law of effect

Question 17

change in behaviour or knowledge that is the result of experience

Answer 17

learning

Question 18

person who performs a behaviour that serves as an example (in observational learning)

Answer 18

model

Question 19

taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behaviour

Answer 19

negative punishment

Question 20

taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase a behaviour

Answer 20

negative reinforcement

Question 21

stimulus that does not initially elicit a response

Answer 21

neutral stimulus (NS)

Question 22

type of learning that occurs by watching others

Answer 22

observational learning

Question 23

form of learning in which the stimulus/experience happens after the behaviour is demonstrated

Answer 23

operant conditioning

Question 24

rewarding behaviour only some of the time

Answer 24

partial reinforcement

Question 25

adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behaviour

Answer 25

positive punishment

Question 26

adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behaviour

Answer 26

positive reinforcement

Question 27

has innate reinforcing qualities (e.g., food, water, shelter, sex)

Answer 27

primary reinforcer

Question 28

implementation of a consequence in order to decrease a behaviour

Answer 28

punishment

Question 29

staunch form of behaviourism developed by B. F. Skinner that suggested that even complex higher mental functions like human language are nothing more than stimulus-outcome associations

Answer 29

radical behaviourism

Question 30

unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment

Answer 30

reflex

Question 31

implementation of a consequence in order to increase a behaviour

Answer 31

reinforcement

Question 32

has no inherent value unto itself and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with something else (e.g., money, gold stars, poker chips)

Answer 32

secondary reinforcer

Question 33

rewarding successive approximations toward a target behaviour

Answer 33

shaping

Question 34

return of a previously extinguished conditioned response

Answer 34

spontaneous recovery

Question 35

ability to respond differently to similar stimuli

Answer 35

stimulus discrimination

Question 36

demonstrating the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

Answer 36

stimulus generalization

Question 37

natural (unlearned) behaviour to a given stimulus

Answer 37

unconditioned response (UCR)

Question 38

stimulus that elicits a reflexive response

Answer 38

unconditioned stimulus (US)

Question 39

behaviour is rewarded after unpredictable amounts of time have passed

Answer 39

variable interval reinforcement schedule

Question 40

number of responses differ before a behaviour is rewarded

Answer 40

variable ratio reinforcement schedule

Question 41

process where the observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the model’s behaviour

Answer 41

vicarious punishment

Question 42

process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model’s behaviour

Answer 42

vicarious reinforcement