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Psychology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

A neuron is…

A

nerve cells that recieve and transmit neural information

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2
Q

The 3 communications of a neuron (RTP)

A

Recieving
Transmitted
Process info in the form of neuronal messeges

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3
Q

PArts of a neuron (d, CB, AB, MS, AT, SG)

A

Dendrites - receives neuronal messeges

Cell Body (nucleus)

Axon Body

Myelin Sheath - insulator, protects and speeds up messages

Axon Terminals - send neuronal messages to the next neuron

Synapse Gap - the space between the neuron and the next

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4
Q

Synapse Definition

A

region that INCLUDES axon terminals of the presynaptic neuron, the synaptic gap, and the dendrites of the postsynaptic neuron

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5
Q

Neuroplasticity definition

A

the ability of the brain to CHANGE in response to experiences or environmental situation

    • changes occur as a result of neurons communicating and creating connections which they then later STRENGTHEN or ELIMINATE
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6
Q

What are the 2 kinds of experiences where neuroplastisity is reasoned to occur?

A
  1. Developmental plasticity
  2. Adaptive plasticity
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7
Q

What are the 3 processes that occur in DEVELOPMENTAL plasticity? And what occurs in each?

A
  1. Synaptogenesis - formation of synapses betweens neurons
  2. Synaptic pruning - elimination of underused synapse
  3. Myelination - formation and development of myelin around azon
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8
Q

What is brain trauma? And what does damage to neurons result in?

A

is damage to the brain that is caused by an EXTERNAL force
- it is the death of neurons and destructions of its’ connections

-result in the loss of mass functioning

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9
Q

Adaptive plasticity definition?

A

brains ability to RESTORE adequete neural function OVER TIME after sustaining an INJURY
(in response to a need to adapt eg. in response to a brain trauma)

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10
Q

What is developmental plasticity?

A
  • learning associated with maturation (maturing)
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11
Q

What are the two process that occur in ADAPTIVE plasticity? And what occur in each?

A
  1. Sprouting - the ability of a neuron to develop NEW branches on the dendrite or axon
  2. Rerouting - neuron’s ability to form a new connection with another undamaged neuron
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12
Q

4 WAYS to maintain brain functioning? (that is making the brain more efficient than complex)

A
  1. Mental simulation
  2. Diet
  3. Physical activity
  4. Social Support
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13
Q

What is difference between TRAUMATIC brain injry and NON-TRAUMATIC brain injury? (E or I)

A

TRAUMATIC - damage to the brain caused by an EXTERNAL force

NON-TRAUMATIC - damage to the brain caused by an INTERNAL force

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14
Q

What are examples for traumatic brain injury? (4)

A

-fall
-assaults
-Vehicle accidents
-sport injuries

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15
Q

What are examples for non- traumatic brain injury? (4)

A
  • stroke
  • aneurysm
  • tumor
  • substance abuse
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16
Q

The type of impact on an individual’s functioning is directly related to …

Study These Flashcards
A

… the area of the brain that is damaged

17
Q

3 Areas of the brain that are addressed in brain injuries are? (B,P,S)

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A
  1. Biological functioning
  2. Pyschological functioning
  3. Social functioning
18
Q

What is included in biological functioning - brain injury impacts? (3)

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A
  • behaviour
  • organ function
  • cellular and neuronal functioning
19
Q

What is included in psychological functioning - brain injury impacts? (3)

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A
  • cognition
  • behaviour
  • emotion
20
Q

What is included in social functioning - brain injury impacts? (3)

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A
  • relationships
  • interactions with the environment
  • interpersonal skills
21
Q

what is AQUIRED brain injury? (A)

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A

any types of injuries to the brain AFTER you are born

22
Q

What is the definition of a neurological disorder?

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A
  • encompasses many different conditions that may affect an individual’s brain and nervous system functioning
  • characterised by any damage to or malfunctioning of the nervous system
23
Q

Definition of Parkinson’s Disease

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A

It is a neurodegenerative disease, characterised by a progressive loss of neurons in the brain that also include motor and non-motor symptoms

24
Q

What are the symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease? (3)

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A
  • tremors
    -fatigue, drepression
    -problems with cognitions
25
What happens in neurodegenerative diseases? (neurons)
It is the progressive damage and death of neurons in the brain and/or spinal cord that can lead to various neurological disorders
26
Definition of Epilepsy?
Is the abnormal electrical activity in the brain categorized by RECURRENT SEIZURES - brief episodes of uncontrolled, unrestricted electrical discharge
27
What are the symptoms of epilepsy (3)
- recurrent unprovoked seizures (involentary shaking) - loss of consciousnous - loss of awareness
28
What is machine learning?
An element of AI that allows software to become more accurate and predict outcomes by mimicking the way that humans learn ---> uses statistics to create algorithms that accurately classify info
29
What is the difference between supervised and unsupervised learning?
Supervised ---> use of kabbeled data to TRAIN algorithims Unsupervised ---> uses algorithm to identiidy patterns or trends within data that haven't been discovered as yet
30
What is gut- brain axis? ___ connection
Bidirectional connection between gut and brain ( in parts of the nervous system)
31
What in this case does/ can the gut cause to the brain? ( nc +bc)
Gut may cuase neurochemical and behavioural changes to the brain
32
What is Gut Microbiota? What happens when the gut microbiota is imbalanced (cns d p)
(d)- microorganisms that live in gut 2. - central nervous system disease progression such as progression of neurological disorders
33
Parkisons begins in the gut then the brain -constipation -decreased levels of specific gut bacteria that are associated with the prevention of neurodegeneration
34
What's a contemporary research treatment for Parkinson's?
FMT - Faecal Microbiota Transplanation - is the intervention where their is the administration of faecal matter from a healthy donor into the intestional tract of a recipitant
35
what types of benefits occur for Parkinson's patient that gets FMT treatment? (3)
1. improved motor functioning 2. decreased inflammation in the brain 3. increased efficiency of traditional medications
36
Treatments for Epilepsy? (2) p, kd
1. Probiotics and antibiotics alter gut bacteria in which reduces seizure frequency 2. Ketogenic Diet, mainly in children that involves a high in protein, fat and low carbohydrates in which decreases the uncontrolled electrical discharging of neurons = less seizures
37
CTE stands for?
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy ( En- ce- phalo- pathy)
38
CTE definition?
a progressive and fatal brain disease associated with repeated head injuries and concussions eg. contact from sport, head banging, intimate partner violence - can occur in a single severe traumatic brain injury
39
Symptoms of CTE? (5)
1. Impairments in executive functions (r+dm 2. memory loss 3. depression 4. different with attention and concentration 5. mood impairemnts --> agressions

Psychology (6 decks)

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