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Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Isolates internal structures and processes from external environment

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2
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Contains cytosol organelles and cytoskeletal elements

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3
Q

Nucleus

A

Houses nucleolus and DNA

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4
Q

Intracellular fluid

A

Cytosol within intracellular space

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5
Q

Extracellular fluid

A

Within the plasma membrane in the extracellular space

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6
Q

Organelles

A

Cellular machines with very specific functions suspended in cytosol

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7
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Network of protein filaments creates and maintains cell shape holds organelles

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8
Q

DNA

A

DNA is wrapped around proteins called histones and condenses during cell division to form chromosomes

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9
Q

Mitochondria

A

Produces energy ATP for the cell

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10
Q

ATP

A

Energy for the cell

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11
Q

Peroxisome

A

Detoxify certain chemicals through oxidation reactions, metabolizes fatty acids, synthesizes certain phospholipids.

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12
Q

Ribosome

A

Two subunits made out of proteins and RNA not membrane and closed, synthesizes proteins

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13
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Stores calcium ions and synthesizes lipids, detoxify certain substances

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14
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Modifies and folds proteins made by ribosomes, manufacturers and assembles most components of the plasma membrane

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15
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Sorts, modifies, and packages proteins and other products made by the ER

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16
Q

Lysosome

A

Digest damaged organelles and products brought to the cell by endocytosis, recycles damaged organelles

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17
Q

Actin filaments

A

Support the plasma membrane, form the core of microvilli, involved in cell motion and cell division

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18
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Form the framework of the cell, support the shape and size of the nucleus, provide cell strength, help the cell and tissue to withstand mechanical stress

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19
Q

Microtubules

A

Support the cell, maintain the position of organelles, associate with motor proteins that move vesicles and organelles through the cell, form the core of cilia and flagella

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20
Q

Cilia

A

Hair like projections, moving unison to propel substances past cells

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21
Q

Flagella

A

Solitary, longer than cilia, found only on sperm cells, beat and whip like fashion propel entire cell

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22
Q

Microvilli

A

Finger like extensions of plasma membrane, help maintain shape, increase surface area of cells

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23
Q

Centrioles

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A

Critical for cellular division

24
Q

Nucleolus

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A

Housed within the nucleus, important within cell division

25
Chromosomes
46 chromosomes within the human cell
26
Sister chromatid
Identical copies of each chromosome made in preparation for cell division connected to one another at the centromere
27
Homologous chromosomes
23 pairs of chromosomes
28
Centromere
Sister chromatids are connected to each other at the centromere
29
Phospholipid bilayer
The plasma membrane to form effective barrier between ECF and cytosol phospholipid bilayer must have parts that interact with water in both fluid compartments and repel water keeping ECF and cytosol separated
30
Integral membrane proteins
Span entire membrane or called transmembrane proteins
31
Peripheral membrane proteins
Found only on one side of membrane or other
32
Cholesterol
A lipid, stabilizes plasma membranes fluid structure during temperature changes
33
Channels
Transmembrane proteins allow certain substances to cross membrane and pass into or out of cell
34
Carrier proteins
Integral proteins bind, change shape, and directly transport substances into / out of cell
35
Receptors
Bind to chemical messengers, trigger sequence of events within cell
36
Selective permeability
Phospholipid bilayer is selective permeable allows certain molecules to cross and prohibits passage for other molecules
37
Passive transport
Do not require expenditure of energy
38
Active transport
Do require energy
39
Simple diffusion
Molecules that pass through the phospholipid bilayer without membrane protein
40
Facilitated diffusion
Cross phospholipid bilayer with help of membrane protein
41
Osmosis
Passive process, solvent usually water moves across membrane
42
Aquaporin
Water passes through channel proteins called aquaporins primary route of for osmosis of water
43
Isotonic
Both fluids have approximately same concentration of solute no net movement of water across plasma membrane, no volume change
44
Hypotonic
Solute concentration of ECF is lower than inside the cell net movement of water into cell cell swells and possibly ruptures
45
Hypertonic
Saw you concentration of ECF is higher inside the cell net movement of water out of cell the cell shrinks
46
Interphase
Period of growth in preparation for cell division
47
G1 phase
Initial growth phase
48
S phase
DNA synthesis / DNA replication
49
G2 phase
Last cellular growth and centrioles are duplicated
50
M phase
Mitosis and cytokinesis
51
Mitosis
Newly replicated genetic material is divided between two daughter cells
52
Cytokinesis
Cytosol is divided between two daughter cells
53
Prophase
DNA condenses into chromosomes and sister chromatids are joined at the centromere mitotic spindle forms pair of centrioles migrate to opposite sides of cell in organized spindle fibers spindle fibers from each centriole attached to each sister chromatid at centromere prophase concludes when nuclear envelope begins to break apart
54
Metaphase
Spindle fibers from opposite poles of cell arranged sister chromatids into line along middle of cell
55
Anaphase
Sister chromatids pulled towards opposite poles individual chromosomes then called daughter chromosomes, each new daughter cell will have 46 chromosomes
56
Telophase
As daughter cells separate nuclear envelope is reassembled chromosomes and coil and decondense

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