Chapter 5

Question 1

Human movement system

Answer 1

Collective components and structures that work together to move the body; muscular, skeletal, and nervous system

Question 2

Kinetic chain

Answer 2

Concept that describes the human body as a chain of interdependent links that work together to perform movement

Question 3

Nervous system

Answer 3

Network of specialized cells called neurons that transmit and coordinate signals, providing a communication network within the human body

Question 4

Nucleus

Answer 4

Cellular structure or organelle that contains the majority of the cell’s genetic material in the form of chromosomes

Question 5

Organelles

Answer 5

Tiny cellular structures that perform specific functions within a cell; examples include: nuclei, mitochondria, lysosomes, ribosomes, and the endoplasmic reticulum

Question 6

Mitochondria

Answer 6

Parts of the cell that use nutrients that create energy for the cell, known as the powerhouse of the cell

Question 7

Effector sites

Answer 7

Part of the cell that use a muscle or organ, that receives a signal from a neuron to produce a physiological response

Question 8

Electrolytes

Answer 8

Minerals that have an electrical charge to help transmit nerve impulses throughout the body, such as potassium, sodium, and magnesium

Question 9

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Answer 9

Division of the nervous system that includes the brain and the spinal cord

Question 10

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Answer 10

Nerves that connect the rest of the body to the CNS

Question 11

Afferent pathway

Answer 11

Sensory pathway that relays information to the CNS

Question 12

Efferent pathway

Answer 12

Motor pathway that relays information from the CNS to the rest of the body

Question 13

Interneurons

Answer 13

Neurons located within the spinal cord and brain that transmit impulses between afferent and efferent neurons

Question 14

Mechanoreceptors

Answer 14

Specialized structures that respond to mechanical forces (touch and pressure) within tissues and then transmit signals through sensory nerves

Question 15

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

Answer 15

Nerves that serve the outer areas of the body and skeletal muscle, and are largely responsible for the voluntary control of movement

Question 16

Autonomic nervous system

Answer 16

Division of the PNS that supplies neural and put to organs that run the involuntary processes of the body (i.e. circulating blood, digesting food, producing hormones)

Question 17

Sympathetic nervous system

Answer 17

Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to increase neural activity and put the body in a heightened state

Question 18

Parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 18

Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to decrease neural activity and put the body in a more relaxed state

Question 19

Sensory function

Answer 19

Ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment

Question 20

Proprioception

Answer 20

The bodies ability to naturally sense it’s general orientation, and relative position of its parts

Question 21

Integrative function

Answer 21

The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret the sensory information to allow for proper decision making, which provides an appropriate response

Question 22

Motor function

Answer 22

The neuromuscular (or nervous & muscular systems) response to the integrated sensory information

Question 23

Muscle spindles

Answer 23

Sensory receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change

Question 24

Stretch reflex

Answer 24

Neurological signal from the muscle spindle that causes a muscle to contract to prevent excessive lengthening

Question 25

Golgi tendon organ (GTO)

Answer 25

Specialized sensory receptor located at the point where skeletal muscle fibers insert into the tendons of skeletal muscle; sensitive to changes in the muscular tension and rate of tension change

Question 26

Joint receptors

Answer 26

Receptors located in and around the joint capsule that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint

Question 27

Neuroplasticity

Answer 27

Concept that the brain will continually change or grow reforming neural pathways throughout an individual’s entire lifespan

Question 29

Neurocircuitry

Answer 29

Interconnection of neurons in the brain and spinal cord

Question 30

Motor skills

Answer 30

Specific movements through the coordinated effort of the sensory motor subsystems

Question 31

Skeletal system

Answer 31

Description of the bones of the body

Question 32

Osteoporosis

Answer 32

Condition of reduced bone, mineral density, which increases risk of bone fracture

Question 33

Joints

Answer 33

The sites where two bones meet and movement occurs at a result of muscle contraction

Question 34

Axial skeleton

Answer 34

A division of the skeletal system consisting of the school, the rib cage, and the vertebral column

Question 35

Appendicular skeleton

Answer 35

A division of the skeletal system, consisting of the arms, legs, and the pelvic girdle

Question 36

Levers

Answer 36

Rigid rods were muscles attach

Question 37

Remodeling

Answer 37

The process by which bone is constantly renewed by the resorption and formation of the bone structure

Question 38

Osteoclasts

Answer 38

Special cells that break down and remove old bone tissue

Question 39

Osteoblasts

Answer 39

Special cells that form and lay down new bone tissue

Question 40

Wolff’s law

Answer 40

Scientific explanation of how remodeling (new bone growth) occurs along the lines of stress placed on the bone

Question 41

Depressions

Answer 41

Flattened or indented portions of bone

Question 42

Processes

Answer 42

Projections protruding from the bone where tendons and ligaments can attach

Question 43

Vertebral column

Answer 43

Bones that house the spinal cord; consists of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbosacral regions

Question 44

Spinal cord

Answer 44

Bundle of nerves housed within the vertebrae

Question 45

Intervertebral discs

Answer 45

Fibrous cartilage structures between vertebrae that act as shock absorbers and assist with movement

Question 46

Neutral spine

Answer 46

Represents a position in which the vertebrae and associated structures are under the least amount of load and can most optimally support functional movement

Question 47

Osteokinematics

Answer 47

Movement of a limb that is visible

Question 48

Arthrokinematics

Answer 48

The description of joint surface movement; consists of three major types: roll, slide, and spin

Question 49

Synovial joints

Answer 49

A joint with a fluid-filled joint capsule

Question 50

Nonaxial

Answer 50

A gliding joint that moves in only one plane, either back and forth or side to side

Question 51

Nonsynovial joints

Answer 51

Joints that have no joint capsule, fibrous connective tissue, or cartilage in the uniting structure

Question 52

Ligament

Answer 52

A fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone

Question 53

Elastin

Answer 53

A protein that provides elasticity to skin, tendons, ligaments, and other structures

Question 54

Growth plate

Answer 54

A specialized cartilage disc located on the epiphysis that is responsible for longitudinal bone growth

Question 55

Skeletal muscle

Answer 55

The type of muscle tissue that connects to bones and generates the forces that create movement

Question 56

Fascia

Answer 56

Connective tissue that surrounds muscles and bones

Question 57

Epimysium

Answer 57

Inner layer of fascia that directly surrounds an entire muscle, commonly referred to as the “deep fascia”

Question 58

Fascicles

Answer 58

Largest bundles of fibers within a muscle fascicles are surrounded by perimysium

Question 59

Perimysium

Answer 59

Connective tissue surrounding a muscle fascicle

Question 60

Endomysium

Answer 60

Connective tissue that wraps around individual muscle fibers within a fascicle

Question 61

Glycogen

Answer 61

Glucose that is deposited and stored in bodily tissues, such as the liver and muscle cells; the storage form of carbohydrates

Question 62

Myoglobin

Answer 62

Protein-based molecule that carries oxygen molecules into the muscles

Question 63

Myofibrils

Answer 63

The components of a muscle cell; the myofilaments (actin and myosin) are contained within a myofibril

Question 64

Myofilaments

Answer 64

The filaments of a myofibril; include actin and myosin

Question 65

Actin

Answer 65

The thin, stringlike, myofilament that act along with myosin to produce muscular contraction

Question 66

Myosin

Answer 66

The thick myofilament that acts along with actin to produce muscular contraction

Question 67

Sacromere

Answer 67

The structural unit of a myofibril composed of actin and myosin filaments between two z-lines

Question 68

Z-lines

Answer 68

The meeting point of each sarcomere

Question 69

Neural activation

Answer 69

The nervous system’s signal that tells a muscle to contract

Question 70

Neuromuscular joint

Answer 70

The specialized site where the nervous system communicates directly with muscle fibers

Question 71

Synapse

Answer 71

Junction or small gap between the motor neuron and muscle cells

Question 72

Motor unit

Answer 72

A motor neuron and all of the muscles fibers that it innervates

Question 73

Action potential

Answer 73

Nerve impulse that just saying relayed from the central nervous system, through the PNS, and into the muscle across the neuromuscular junction

Question 74

Neurotransmitters

Answer 74

Chemical messengers that cross the synapse between neuron and muscle and assist with nerve transmission

Question 75

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Answer 75

A neurotransmitter that helps the action potential cross the synapse into the muscle, which initiates the steps in a muscle contraction

Question 76

Sliding filament theory

Answer 76

The series of steps in muscle contraction involving how myosin (thick) and actin (thin) filaments slide past one another to produce a muscle contraction, shortening the entire length of the sacromere

Question 77

Excitation-contraction coupling

Answer 77

The physiological process of converting an electrical stimulus to a muscle contraction

Question 78

Power stroke

Answer 78

The myosin heads bind to actin and pull them toward the sarcomere center, which slides the filaments past each other, shortening the muscle

Question 79

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Answer 79

A high energy molecule that serves as the main form of energy in the human body; known as the energy currency of the body

Question 80

Resting length

Answer 80

The length of a muscle when it is not actively contracting or being stretched

Question 81

Type 1 muscle fibers

Answer 81

Muscle fibers that are small in size, generate lower amounts of force, and are more resistant to fatigue

Question 82

Type 2 muscle fibers

Answer 82

Muscle fibers that are larger in size, generate higher amounts of force, and are faster to fatigue

Question 83

All-or-nothing principle

Answer 83

Motor units cannot vary the amount of force they generate; they either contract maximally or not at all

Question 84

Capillaries

Answer 84

The smallest blood vessels and the side of exchange of elements between the blood and the tissues

Question 85

What are the three integrated systems in the human movement system?

Answer 85

Nervous system, skeletal system, and muscular system

Question 86

What does the term “osteokinematics” refer to?

Answer 86

Bone movement

Question 87

What are the “most common” joints in the human body?

Answer 87

Synovial joints

Question 88

What are myofibrils?

Answer 88

Contractile components of a muscle cell

Question 89

Which of the following refers to the series of the steps in muscle contraction?

Answer 89

Sliding filament theory