Chapter 5

Question 1

A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a condensation reaction.

Answer 1

Macromolecule

Question 2

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.

Answer 2

Polymer

Question 3

The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer.

Answer 3

Monomer

Question 4

A reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a small molecule, usually water, in which case it is also called a dehydration reaction.

Answer 4

Condensation Reaction

Question 5

A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.

Answer 5

Dehydration Synthesis (Reaction)

Question 6

A macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.

Answer 6

Enzymes

Question 7

A chemical process that lyses, or splits, molecules by the addition of water, functioning in disassembly of polymers to monomers.

Answer 7

Hydrolysis

Question 8

A sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides).

Answer 8

Carbohydrates

Question 9

The simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides.

Answer 9

Monosaccharides

Question 10

A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage formed during dehydration synthesis.

Answer 10

Disaccharide

Question 11

A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.

Answer 11

Glycosidic Linkage

Question 12

A polymer of many monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions.

Answer 12

Polysaccharide

Question 13

A storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by glycosidic linkages.

Answer 13

Starch

Question 14

An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of a starch.

Answer 14

Glycogen

Question 15

A structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by ß glycosidic linkages.

Answer 15

Cellulose

Question 16

One of a group of compounds, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, if at all, with water.

Answer 16

Lipids

Question 17

A lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called a triacylglycerol or triglyceride.

Answer 17

Fat

Question 18

A long carbon chain carboxylic acid.

Answer 18

Fatty Acid

Question 19

A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that are attached to the carbon skeleton.

Answer 19

Saturated Fatty Acid

Question 20

A fatty acid possessing one or more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail.

Answer 20

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

Question 21

An unsaturated fat containing one or more trans double bonds.

Answer 21

Trans Fat

Question 22

A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group.

Answer 22

Phospholipids

Question 23

A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various chemical groups attached.

Answer 23

Steroid

Question 24

A steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids, such as hormones.

Answer 24

Cholesterol

Question 25

A chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.

Answer 25

Catalyst

Question 26

A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

Answer 26

Polypeptide

Question 27

A functional biological molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure.

Answer 27

Protein

Question 28

An organic molecule possessing both carboxyl and amino groups. Amino acids serve as the monomers of polypeptides.

Answer 28

Amino Acid

Question 29

The covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another, formed by a dehydration reaction.

Answer 29

Peptide Bond

Question 30

The level of protein structure referring to the specific sequence of amino acids.

Answer 30

Primary Structure (of a protein)

Question 31

The localized, repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bond formation between constituents of the backbone.

Answer 31

Secondary Structure (of a protein)

Question 32

Irregular contortions of a protein molecule due to interactions of side chains involved in hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridges.

Answer 32

Tertiary Structure (of a protein)

Question 33

A strong covalent bond formed when the sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another cysteine monomer.

Answer 33

Disulfide Bridges

Question 34

The particular shape of a complex, aggregate protein, defined by the characteristic three-dimensional arrangement of its constituent subunits, each a polypeptide.

Answer 34

Quaternary Structure (of a protein)

Question 35

In proteins, a process in which a protein unravels and loses its native shape, thereby becoming biologically inactive; in DNA, the separation of the two strands of the double helix.

Answer 35

Denaturation

Question 36

A protein molecule that assists in the proper folding of other proteins.

Answer 36

Chaperonins

Question 37

A technique that depends on the diffraction of an X-ray beam by the individual atoms of a crystallized molecule to study the three-dimensional structure of the molecule.

Answer 37

X-ray Crystallography

Question 38

A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses).

Answer 38

Gene

Question 39

A polymer (polynucleotide) consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities.

Answer 39

Nucleic Acid

Question 40

A double-stranted, helical nucleic acid molecule, consisting of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine; capable of being replicated and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins.

Answer 40

DNA

Question 41

A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil; usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis, gene regulation, and as the genome of some viruses.

Answer 41

RNA

Question 42

One of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a sin-membered ring. Cytosine, thymine, and uracil are these.

Answer 42

Pyrimidine

Question 43

One of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring. Adenine and guanine are these.

Answer 43

Purine

Question 44

The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape.

Answer 44

Double Helix