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Bio > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

macromolecules

A

members of carbs, proteins, nucleic acids (huge molecules)

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2
Q

large biological molecules

A

carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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3
Q

macromolecules are ___, built from ___

A

polymers, monomers

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4
Q

polymer

A

long molecule consisting of many similar/identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds

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5
Q

monomers

A

repeating units of a polymer

connected by dehydration reaction

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6
Q

enzymes

A

specialized macromolecules that speed up chem reactions

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7
Q

dehydration reaction

A

when 2 molecules are covalently bonded to each other w/ loss of a water molecule
one monomer provides the OH, other provides H

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8
Q

hydrolysis

A

disassembles polymers to make monomers, reverse of dehydration synthesis
bond broken w/ addition of a water molecule (eg. digestion)

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9
Q

how many monomers are used in constructing molecules?

A

40-50 common monomers and a few rare ones

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10
Q

how is it possible to create so many different polymers?

A

linear sequence is important.

*small molecules common to all organisms are ordered into unique macromolecules

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11
Q

carbohydrates serve as ___ and ___

A

fuel, building material

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12
Q

carbohydrates

A

sugars and polymers of sugars

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13
Q

monosaccharides

A

simple sugars
have molecular formulas that are the multiple of the unit CH2O (eg. glucose, C6H12O6)
molecule has carbonyl group (CO) and multiple hydroxyl groups (OH)
major nutrients for cells

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14
Q

disaccharides

A

double sugars, 2 monosaccharides joined by covalent bond (glycosidic linkage)

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15
Q

polysaccharides

A

many sugar building blocks, macromolecules
storage material, hydrolyzed as needed for sugar
building material for structures that protect the cell/whole organism
architect and function determined by sugar monomers and position of glycosidic links

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16
Q

aldose/aldehyde sugar

A

carbonyl group at end of carbon skeleton

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17
Q

ketose/ketone sugar

A

carbonyl group in middle of carbon skeleton

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18
Q

most names for sugars end in:

A

-ose

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19
Q

Can also classify sugars according to:

A

size of carbon skeleton (3-7)

eg. glucose, galactose (aldehydes), fructose (ketone) = hexoses
eg. ribose (aldehyde), ribulose (ketone) = pentoses
eg. glyceraldehyde (aldehyde), dihydroxyacetone (ketone) = trioses

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20
Q

sugars can also differ in

A

spatial diversity

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21
Q

glycosidic linkage

A

covalent bond formed between 2 monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction (e.g.. maltose = 2 glucoses, sucrose = glucose + fructose)

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22
Q

starch

A

polymer of glucose monomers, stored as granules within plastids
enables plant to stockpile surplus glucose
most glucose in it joined by 1-4 linkages (No 1 carbon to no 4 carbon)
glucose monomers are in alpha config.

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23
Q

glycogen

A

polymer of glucose like amylopectin, more extensively branched
stored mainly in liver and muscle cells
releases glucose when need for sugar incr.

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24
Q

cellulose

A

major component of tough walls of plant cells
polysaccharide
glucose monomers in beta config.
never branched
few animals can digest (some animals have cellulose digesting microbes in their stomach, eg. cows, termites)

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25
glucose
has 2 rings (alpha and beta), alpha = water OH on bottom, beta = OH on top
26
chitin
carb used by arthropods to build exoskeletons, also found in fungi has beta links, but glucose monomer of chitin has nitrogen-containing appendage
27
lipids are a diverse group of ___ molecules
hydrophobic
28
lipids
don't include true polymers mix poorly w/ water mostly hydrocarbon regions include fats, phospholipids, steroids
29
fat
smaller molecules, glycerol and fatty acids | 3 fatty acid molecules joined to glycerol by ester linkage
30
fatty acid
long carbon skeleton (16-18) | carbon at one end of skeleton is part of carboxyl group (gives name acid)
31
ester linkage
bond formed by dehydration reaction between hydroxyl group and carbon group
32
triacylglycerol
3 fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecules
33
saturated fatty acid
no double bonds between carbon atoms composing a chain as many H atoms as poss bonded to carbon skeleton most animal fats = saturated: HC chains of fact acids (tails) lack double bonds and allows fat molecules to pack together tightly
34
unsaturated fatty acid
has 1+ double bonds, 1 few H atom on each double-bonded atom
35
cis double bonds
nearly all double bonds in naturally occurring fatty acids | cause a kink in hydrocarbon
36
atheroscerlosis
plaques develop within walls of blood vessels, cause inward bulges that impede blood flow and reduce resilience of vessels caused by died rich in saturated fats
37
trans fats
unsaturated fats w/ trans double bonds
38
major function of fats
energy storage
39
adipose cells/tissue
stock long term food cushions vital organs insulates body
40
phospholipid
has only 2 fatty acids attached to glycerol rather than three; third joined to a phosphate group (neg electrical charge in cell) additional small charged/polar mole also linked to phosphate group (eg. choline)
41
two ends of phospholipids are different b/c:
``` hydrocarbon tails = hydrophobic phosphate group = hydrophilic head form bilayers (cell membranes) ```
42
steroids
lipids w/ carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings | distinguished by chem groups attached to the ensemble of rings
43
cholesterol
steroid crucial in animals component of anima cell membranes precursor to other steroids (sex hormones) synthesized in liver and obtained in diet high level may contrib. to atherosclerosis
44
proteins include a diversity of ___, resulting in a wide range of ___
structures, functions
45
importance of proteins
50%+ of dry mass of most cells speed up chem reactions some play role in defense, storage, transport, cell communication, movement, structural support
46
catalysts
enzymatic proteins that regulate metabolism | chem agents hat selectively speed up chem reactions w/o being consumed by the reaction
47
proteins are all made of:
20 proteins
48
polypeptide
polymer of amino acids
49
protein
biologically function molecule made up of one+ polypeptides, each folded and coiled into specific 3D structure
50
amino acid
organic molecule w/ amino group and carboxyl group @ center is an alpha carbon, asymmetric carbon atom partnered w/ amino group, carboxyl group, H atom, variable group symbolized by R
51
side chain/R
differs w/ each amino acid
52
enzymatic proteins
selective acceleration of chem reactions | eg. digestive enzymes catalyze hydrolysis bonds in food molecules
53
defensive proteins
protection against disease (eg. antibodies inactivate and help destroy viruses and bacteria)
54
storage proteins
storage of amino acids (eg. casein, protein of mile, source of amino acids for baby mammals)
55
transport proteins
transport of substances (eg. hemoglobin, iron-containing protein of vertebrate blood, transports oxygen fr lungs to other parts of the body, others transport across cell membranes)
56
hormonal proteins
coordination of organism activities (eg. insulin, hormone secreted by pancreas, causes other tissues to take up glucose, regulating blood sugar concentration)
57
receptor proteins
response of cell to chem stimuli (eg. receptors built into membrane of nerve cell detect signaling molecules released by other nerve cells)
58
contractile and motor proteins
movement (eg. motor proteins responsible for undulations of cilia and flagella; actin and myosin proteins responsible for contraction of muscles)
59
structural proteins
support (eg. keratin = protein of hair, horns, feathers, etc; collagen and elastin proteins provide a fibrous framework in animal connective tissues)
60
acidic amino acids
have side chains hat are generally neg in charge due to presence of carboxyl group, which usually dissociate at cellular pH, hydrophilic
61
basic amino acids
amino groups in side chains that are generally positive in charge, hydrophilic
62
hydrophobic; non polar side chains
glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, proline
63
hydrophilic
serine, threonin, cystein, tyrosine, asparagine, glutamine
64
electrically charged side chains, hydrophilic
aspartic acid, glutamic acid (acidic)lysine, arginine, histidine (basic)

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