chapter 5 Flashcards
(144 cards)
1
Q
motivation
A
the impetus to act
2
Q
conscious motivations
A
lead us to do things willfully and with self-awareness. with these actions, we know what we’re doing and can provide rationales and explanations for them.
3
Q
unconscious motivations
A
give rise to actions performed without self-awareness or self-understanding. Lacking insight into ourselves, we may exhibit behaviour that we later regret.
4
Q
external locus of control
A
the position that external circumstances or outside forces cause people to be the way they are or do the things they do
5
Q
internal locus of control
A
the position where people accept responsibility for their own actions
6
Q
psychoanalytic theory
A
Freud’s theory of personality explaining the different psychic structures and the various mechanisms of defence
7
Q
energy model
A
a Freudian notion used to explain how the psyche or mind functions
8
Q
homeostatis
A
a state of equilibrium
9
Q
nirvana principle
A
the theory that the psychic structure of personality functions to reduce excitation and tension. the mental apparatus tries to maintain a relatively stable state of simulation-free existence. instincts are aroused so that we’ll act in ways to re-establish homeostasis.
10
Q
pleasure principle
A
a force in psychic life separate from, but complementary to, the nirvana principle according to Freud. he realized that pleasure is not only achieved when people rid themselves of disturbing tensions and an excess of stimulation (the nirvana principle), but also that some states of pleasure require an increase in excitation, rather than a reduction of stimulation. people who actively seek out tensions for the purpose of physical excitement live by this principle.
11
Q
eros
A
generic label including both the life and sexual instincts
12
Q
libido
A
in general terms, the libido is that which seeks physical and pleasurable feelings associated with the life instincts, both erotic and non-erotic
13
Q
thanatos
A
according to Freud, one of the two basic types of instinct (the other being eros). those instincts that do not fall under eros are placed under the heading of _______, which includes our death instincts
14
Q
aggression
A
according to Freud, a derivative of the death instinct. aggressive acts show a catharsis or emotional release.
15
Q
catharsis
A
an emotional release
16
Q
Abraham Maslow
A
an important figure in the historical development of motivational theory. he viewed human nature as essentially good, and identified a hierarchy of human needs that motivate us to grow and develop
17
Q
hierarchy of human needs
A
a structure of ascending needs developed by Maslow
18
Q
actualize
A
to actualize ourselves is to become all we are capable of becoming
19
Q
actualize
A
to actualize ourselves is to become all we are capable of becoming
20
Q
prepotency
A
the needs that have been listed as human motivators are hierarchical, and lower-level needs must be satisfied before higher-level needs become important
21
Q
physiological needs
A
the first level in maslow’s theory of motivation, these are the survival needs which include food, water, air, sleep, and sex
22
Q
safety and security needs
A
level two needs according to maslow’s hierarchy of human needs - these needs become prominent after physiological needs have been met and exert themselves to ensure that there is stability, order, structure, and certainty in one’s environment
23
Q
social needs for belonging and love
A
level three needs according to maslow’s hierarchy of human needs. individuals who are motivated at this level crave intimacy and caring relationships with other people
24
Q
esteem needs
A
level four needs according to maslow’s hierarchy of human needs. they are regulated to the need to feel good about oneself.
25
cognitive needs
level five needs according to maslow's hierarchy of human needs. these needs reflect our impulse to satisfy curiosity, to know, to explain, and to understand
26
aesthetic needs
level six needs according to maslow's hierarchy of human needs. these are the needs for symmetry and closure, as well as needs for completion, system, and structure
27
self-actualization needs
level seven needs according to maslow's hierarchy of human needs. individuals who are motivated at this level feel a need to actualize all of their personalities; in other words, to be all they can be
28
metamotivation
a motivational theory for self-actualization people that deals with higher-order matters of being and value beyond basic needs
29
being motivation
maslow's motivational theory for self-actualization people (also calls it metamotivation). maslow describes self-actualizers as people who do not live their lives preoccupied with reducing tensions or rectifying debts. rather, they aim to enrich and enlarge their experience of life. being motivation or metamotivation should be seen as involving states of being rather than intermediate steps to ultimate goals
30
deficiency motivation
motivation to rectify deficiencies in the person. deficiencies in the body (ex. lack of food) produce pain and discomfort, as do psychological deficits. generally speaking, people with average to below-average mental health are motivated by d-motives
31
existential frustration
according to maslow the resulting disquiet when metaneeds are blocked
32
metapathology
a kind of existential frustration involving meaninglessness, loneliness and despair
33
choice theory
a theory of human motivation developed by william glasser
34
basic needs
fundamental motivations that are genetically encoded
35
need to survive and reproduce
this need finds its biological roots in the most ancient part of our brain. much of its activity occurs without us being aware of it. it sends messages to the newer part of the brain (the cerebral cortex) to get needs met by seeking the appropriate environment
36
need to belong
just as people are genetically instructed to eat and drink, so too are they directed to belong, love, share, and cooperate
37
need for power
one of the group of basic needs as identified by glasser. for glasser, everyday experience demonstrates clearly that people have a need for power. human beings are the only species to desire power for the sake of power itself.
38
need for freedom
one of the group of basic needs as identified by glasser. people constantly seek to remove obstacles, take detours or cope with adversity so that we can eventually do what we want to do, when we want to do it
39
need for fun
one of the group of basic needs as identified by glasser. while he notes that most of us do not feel as driven by this need as by the need for power, he states that it too is a basic, genetic instruction for all higher animals because it is the way they learn.
40
picture
visual, auditory, gustatory, olfactory and tactile images recorded by our sensory apparatus. glasser believes that they serve as specific motivations for all we attempt to do with our lives.
41
ideal/quality world
according to glasser, the quality world represented by the picture album of wants we put together to make up a selective part of our memories
42
behavioural system
our total behaviour comprising thinking, feelings, acting ad our physiological reactions
43
total behaviour
according to glasser, people often consider illegitimate distinctions when they attempt to separate how they think from how they feel, or how they feel from how they act. for glasser, thinking, feeling, doing, and functioning physiologically are all interdependent parts of what he calls total behaviour
44
emotional competence framework
a table consisting of personal and social emotional competencies
45
emotional intelligence
the ability to know an manage one's own feelings, while reading and dealing effectively with others
46
Daniel Goleman
researcher and author of Emotional Intelligence
47
personal competencies
emotional competencies which determine how we manage ourselves
48
self-awareness
conscious recognition of one's internal states, preferences, resources and intuitions
49
self-regulation
the process of managing one's internal states, impulses and resources
50
alexithymia
a psychiatric term for people with a confused awareness of their own feelings
51
accurate self-assessment
correct identification of one's strengths and limitations
52
blind ambition
an exaggerated desire to compete or achieve, even at the expense of others
53
unrealistic goals
target objectives that can not be achieved
54
hunger for power
a desire for control or dominance often reflecting an insatiable need for recognition
55
striving for perfection
an attempt to achieve flawlessness; sometimes accompanied by outrage at personal criticism
56
self-confidence
a strong sense of one's self worth and capabilities
57
self-control
the ability to keep disruptive emotions and impulses in check
58
trustworthiness
the personal competence of maintaining standards of honesty and integrity
59
conscientiousness
taking responsibility for personal performance
60
adaptability
flexibility in handling change
61
innovation
reflected by being comfortable with novel ideas, approaches, and new information
62
initiative
preparedness to go beyond what's minimally required without request
63
optimism
a positive attitude related to resilience and hope
64
social competencies
the ability to read and handle the feelings of others
65
empathy
an awareness and understanding of others' feelings, needs, and concerns
66
social skills
abilities to effectively handle emotions in other people
67
other-centredness
a perceptual focus on another individual or group with the willingness to put that individual or group first
68
service orientation
a psychological predisposition to anticipate, recognize and meet the needs of others
69
leveraging diversity
using personal and group differences to everyone's advantage
70
political awareness
empathy at an organizational level
71
influence
a social skill enabling one to persuade others
72
group synergy
the activity, energy, and superior performance which results when individuals cooperate in pursuit of common goals
73
# R
the impetus to act
motivation
74
# R
lead us to do things willfully and with self-awareness. with these actions, we know what we're doing and can provide rationales and explanations for them.
conscious motivations
75
# R
give rise to actions performed without self-awareness or self-understanding. Lacking insight into ourselves, we may exhibit behaviour that we later regret.
unconscious motivations
76
# R
the position that external circumstances or outside forces cause people to be the way they are or do the things they do
external locus of control
77
# R
the position where people accept responsibility for their own actions
internal locus of control
78
# R
Freud's theory of personality explaining the different psychic structures and the various mechanisms of defence
psychoanalytic theory
79
# R
a Freudian notion used to explain how the psyche or mind functions
energy model
80
# R
a state of equilibrium
homeostatis
81
# R
the theory that the psychic structure of personality functions to reduce excitation and tension. the mental apparatus tries to maintain a relatively stable state of simulation-free existence. instincts are aroused so that we'll act in ways to re-establish homeostasis.
nirvana principle
82
# R
a force in psychic life separate from, but complementary to, the nirvana principle according to Freud. he realized that pleasure is not only achieved when people rid themselves of disturbing tensions and an excess of stimulation (the nirvana principle), but also that some states of pleasure require an increase in excitation, rather than a reduction of stimulation. people who actively seek out tensions for the purpose of physical excitement live by this principle.
pleasure principle
83
# R
generic label including both the life and sexual instincts
eros
84
# R
in general terms, the libido is that which seeks physical and pleasurable feelings associated with the life instincts, both erotic and non-erotic
libido
85
# R
according to Freud, one of the two basic types of instinct (the other being eros). those instincts that do not fall under eros are placed under the heading of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which includes our death instincts
thanatos
86
# R
according to Freud, a derivative of the death instinct. aggressive acts show a catharsis or emotional release.
aggression
87
# R
an emotional release
catharsis
88
# R
an important figure in the historical development of motivational theory. he viewed human nature as essentially good, and identified a hierarchy of human needs that motivate us to grow and develop
Abraham Maslow
89
# R
a structure of ascending needs developed by Maslow
hierarchy of human needs
90
# R
to actualize ourselves is to become all we are capable of becoming
actualize
91
# R
to actualize ourselves is to become all we are capable of becoming
actualize
92
# R
the needs that have been listed as human motivators are hierarchical, and lower-level needs must be satisfied before higher-level needs become important
prepotency
93
# R
the first level in maslow's theory of motivation, these are the survival needs which include food, water, air, sleep, and sex
physiological needs
94
# R
level two needs according to maslow's hierarchy of human needs - these needs become prominent after physiological needs have been met and exert themselves to ensure that there is stability, order, structure, and certainty in one's environment
safety and security needs
95
# R
level three needs according to maslow's hierarchy of human needs. individuals who are motivated at this level crave intimacy and caring relationships with other people
social needs for belonging and love
96
# R
level four needs according to maslow's hierarchy of human needs. they are regulated to the need to feel good about oneself.
esteem needs
97
# R
level five needs according to maslow's hierarchy of human needs. these needs reflect our impulse to satisfy curiosity, to know, to explain, and to understand
cognitive needs
98
# R
level six needs according to maslow's hierarchy of human needs. these are the needs for symmetry and closure, as well as needs for completion, system, and structure
aesthetic needs
99
# R
level seven needs according to maslow's hierarchy of human needs. individuals who are motivated at this level feel a need to actualize all of their personalities; in other words, to be all they can be
self-actualization needs
100
# R
a motivational theory for self-actualization people that deals with higher-order matters of being and value beyond basic needs
metamotivation
101
# R
maslow's motivational theory for self-actualization people (also calls it metamotivation). maslow describes self-actualizers as people who do not live their lives preoccupied with reducing tensions or rectifying debts. rather, they aim to enrich and enlarge their experience of life. being motivation or metamotivation should be seen as involving states of being rather than intermediate steps to ultimate goals
being motivation
102
# R
motivation to rectify deficiencies in the person. deficiencies in the body (ex. lack of food) produce pain and discomfort, as do psychological deficits. generally speaking, people with average to below-average mental health are motivated by d-motives
deficiency motivation
103
# R
according to maslow the resulting disquiet when metaneeds are blocked
existential frustration
104
# R
a kind of existential frustration involving meaninglessness, loneliness and despair
metapathology
105
# R
a theory of human motivation developed by william glasser
choice theory
106
# R
fundamental motivations that are genetically encoded
basic needs
107
# R
this need finds its biological roots in the most ancient part of our brain. much of its activity occurs without us being aware of it. it sends messages to the newer part of the brain (the cerebral cortex) to get needs met by seeking the appropriate environment
need to survive and reproduce
108
# R
just as people are genetically instructed to eat and drink, so too are they directed to belong, love, share, and cooperate
need to belong
109
# R
one of the group of basic needs as identified by glasser. for glasser, everyday experience demonstrates clearly that people have a need for power. human beings are the only species to desire power for the sake of power itself.
need for power
110
# R
one of the group of basic needs as identified by glasser. people constantly seek to remove obstacles, take detours or cope with adversity so that we can eventually do what we want to do, when we want to do it
need for freedom
111
# R
one of the group of basic needs as identified by glasser. while he notes that most of us do not feel as driven by this need as by the need for power, he states that it too is a basic, genetic instruction for all higher animals because it is the way they learn.
need for fun
112
# R
visual, auditory, gustatory, olfactory and tactile images recorded by our sensory apparatus. glasser believes that they serve as specific motivations for all we attempt to do with our lives.
picture
113
# R
according to glasser, the quality world represented by the picture album of wants we put together to make up a selective part of our memories
ideal/quality world
114
# R
our total behaviour comprising thinking, feelings, acting ad our physiological reactions
behavioural system
115
# R
according to glasser, people often consider illegitimate distinctions when they attempt to separate how they think from how they feel, or how they feel from how they act. for glasser, thinking, feeling, doing, and functioning physiologically are all interdependent parts of what he calls total behaviour
total behaviour
116
# R
a table consisting of personal and social emotional competencies
emotional competence framework
117
# R
the ability to know an manage one's own feelings, while reading and dealing effectively with others
emotional intelligence
118
# R
researcher and author of Emotional Intelligence
Daniel Goleman
119
# R
emotional competencies which determine how we manage ourselves
personal competencies
120
# R
conscious recognition of one's internal states, preferences, resources and intuitions
self-awareness
121
# R
the process of managing one's internal states, impulses and resources
self-regulation
122
# R
a psychiatric term for people with a confused awareness of their own feelings
alexithymia
123
# R
correct identification of one's strengths and limitations
accurate self-assessment
124
# R
an exaggerated desire to compete or achieve, even at the expense of others
blind ambition
125
# R
target objectives that can not be achieved
unrealistic goals
126
# R
a desire for control or dominance often reflecting an insatiable need for recognition
hunger for power
127
# R
an attempt to achieve flawlessness; sometimes accompanied by outrage at personal criticism
striving for perfection
128
# R
a strong sense of one's self worth and capabilities
self-confidence
129
# R
the ability to keep disruptive emotions and impulses in check
self-control
130
# R
the personal competence of maintaining standards of honesty and integrity
trustworthiness
131
# R
taking responsibility for personal performance
conscientiousness
132
# R
flexibility in handling change
adaptability
133
# R
reflected by being comfortable with novel ideas, approaches, and new information
innovation
134
# R
preparedness to go beyond what's minimally required without request
initiative
135
# R
a positive attitude related to resilience and hope
optimism
136
# R
the ability to read and handle the feelings of others
social competencies
137
# R
an awareness and understanding of others' feelings, needs, and concerns
empathy
138
# R
abilities to effectively handle emotions in other people
social skills
139
# R
a perceptual focus on another individual or group with the willingness to put that individual or group first
other-centredness
140
# R
a psychological predisposition to anticipate, recognize and meet the needs of others
service orientation
141
# R
using personal and group differences to everyone's advantage
leveraging diversity
142
# R
empathy at an organizational level
political awareness
143
# R
a social skill enabling one to persuade others
influence
144
# R
the activity, energy, and superior performance which results when individuals cooperate in pursuit of common goals
group synergy
