chapter 9 Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
gender
A
one’s sex or sexual identity. studies suggest that men and women use language differently, that their behaviour is often influenced by gender-role expectations, and that they tend to interpret the moral dimensions of life in different terms.
2
Q
Lawrence Kohlberg
A
a harvard psychologist who studied moral reasoning development for more than two decades - used the “joe dilemma”
3
Q
moral reasoning
A
reasoning that deals with ethical issues (e.g., conflicting rights)
4
Q
Carol Gilligan
A
identified the different voice of morality
5
Q
moral voice
A
the different voice of morality identified by Gilligan to highlight a distinction between two approaches to morality. one, which is typically but not necessarily female, views moral situations more personally and concretely. the other, which is typically but not necessarily male, views moral situations more impersonally and abstractly. this insight has led to the discovery in social scientific research that theories and methodologies, once considered sexually neutral in their scientific objectivity, actually reflected consistent observational and evaluative biases.
6
Q
morality of care
A
the feminine moral voice, which speaks to morality from a subjective persona, contextual, emotional or relational basis
7
Q
relationship
A
the intimate, social aspect of human social morality
8
Q
morality of impersonal justice
A
the masculine moral voice, which speaks to morality from a detached, rationally objective, impartial and coldly impersonal application of rules and principles
9
Q
anima
A
according to carl jung, the feminine qualities, attributes, and intentions that men and women each possess as a part of their psyche
10
Q
animus
A
according to carl jung, the masculine qualities, attributes and intentions that men and women each possess as part of their psyches
11
Q
asymmetries
A
gender-based dissimilarities with respect to the form of language communication
12
Q
public speaking
A
speaking in and before groups of people, the kind of speaking which, according to Tannen, is more comfortable for men than for women
13
Q
private speaking
A
the language of conversation, this is the option that more women feel comfortable with, according to Tannen
14
Q
report talk
A
according to Tannen, this usually takes place publicly, and men are more comfortable using this. it is used to exhibit knowledge and skill, preserve independence and maintain status in the hierarchical social order
15
Q
rapport talk
A
according to Tannen, the language of conversation, or private speaking, which more women feel comfortable with. It helps to establish connections and negotiate relationships
16
Q
gossip talk
A
a form of conversation that can form the core of friendship and which can serve as a useful function in establishing intimacy
17
Q
pluralistic
A
referring to a society comprised of many languages, faiths, ethnic, and racial backgrounds, sexual orientations and inclinations
18
Q
multicultural
A
a society that is culturally diverse
19
Q
economic interdependence
A
our global economy, consisting of multinational corporations,foreign markets, and international trade agreements, requires us to communicate more effectively across different cultures
20
Q
politics
A
governmental affairs can point to the importance of culture in communication
21
Q
culture
A
a group of people living in a more or less defined and recognizable lifestyle. this group is collectively bonded by their shared values, ideals, beliefs, behaviours, and accepted ways of doing things
22
Q
enculturation
A
the transmission of culture from one generation to the next
23
Q
acculturation
A
the process by which an individual’s culture is modified through direct contact or exposure with another culture
24
Q
intercultural communication
A
communication between or among international, interracial, inter-ethnic, religious, occupational or gender groupings
25
ethnocentrism
the social equivalent to psychological egocentrism in which people, racial minorities, occupational groups, subcultures and religious denominations, for instance, see the world strictly from their own perspective
26
perception of difference
a potential obstacle to effective intercultural communication. when dealing with other cultures we sometimes tend to perceive differences as greater than they really are.
27
false perception of difference
an international obstacle to effective communication in which a difference, say between cultures, is reported as being greater than it is. while it may work militarily or politically, it is ethically questionable.
28
stereotype
a perceptual error in which we lump different individuals together by wrongly attributing to them common characteristics
29
empathy
the ability to understand another's feelings or to place oneself in another's shoes
30
pre-communication studies
the attitudes (conscious or unconscious) we bring to interpersonal or intercultural social interaction. Negative attitudes, such as ignorance or prejudicial tendencies act as an impediment to effective communication.
31
jargon
specialized, technical language belonging to a particular field or discipline
32
nonverbal communication
communication without words. nonverbal messages are sent through a number of channels. for example, info may be sent by means of gestures, physical movements, facial expressions, eye movements, uses of space and time, personal appearance and touch. they may be sent intentionally or unintentionally.
33
accent
to underscore a verbal statement by nonverbal behaviour cues
34
complement
adding nonverbal cues to our communication that assist in delivering our meaning. for instance, we may laugh as we tell a joke, or shake our head when expressing disbelief
35
contradict
nonverbal cues that convey a meaning opposite to the verbal communication. for instance, delivering the words "trust me" with a devilish grin
36
regulate
the manner in which we may nonverbally express our desire to direct a communication by indicating that we are ready to listen
37
repeat
through nonverbal communication, you can say the same thing you just said through verbal communication
38
paralanguage
the manner in which something is said; the volume, rate, pitch, articulation and emphasis.
39
articulation
one of the categories of paralanguage that involves our pronunciation, when we articulate, we may leave off parts of words (deletion), we may replace part of a word (substitution), we may add parts to words (addition), or we may slur our words
40
substitution
an aspect of articulation in which we replace parts of words with other sounds
41
pitch
a dimension of paralanguage that points to the highness or lowness of your voice and can be related to rate and volume.
42
environment
the physical location within which communication takes place
43
artifactual communication
decoration of space involving the physical environment, including, but not limited to, colour, clothing, and bodily ornament
44
physical appearance
this is closely tied to clothing, colour, and adornment. there are some things about appearance that we can change or mask, but other things we can't. body type, attractiveness, height, weight and skin colour can communicate messages about ourselves
45
attractiveness
a pleasing physical appearance tends to be a nonverbal cue indicating such other desirable traits as intelligence, independence, sociability, and sexual warmth
46
bodily movement (kinesics)
posture and physical gesture that can nonverbally communicate such things as our emotions or emotional states
47
space communication (proxemics)
we each live in a kind of invisible space bubble that either expands or contracts, depending on particular conditions and circumstances. Such factors determine the size of the bubble we choose, or the distance we maintain from others.
48
intimate distance
1st category of spatial distance - at this distance (range: skin contact to 1/2 m) the close phase includes the space for such things as lovemaking, wrestling, comforting, and protecting. at the far phase, touch can be achieved by hand extension, this is not usually a distance considered proper for stranger-to-stranger interaction
49
personal distance
2nd category of spatial distance - (range: 1/2 to 1 1/3 m) at this distance perceptual acuity is still very strong. at the far phase of this distance, we can keep someone at arm's length, if we wish. it is also at this distance that we discuss subjects of personal interest and involvement
50
social distance
3rd category of spatial distance (range: 1 1/3 to 2 1/3m) at this distance visual acuity begins to diminish. it is here that we typically conduct business and interact at social gatherings
51
public distance
4th category of spatial distance (range: 4 to 8 1/3 m) this is the distance your college or university instructor probably uses in the classroom. from this distance nonverbal communication must be exaggerated or amplified to be perceived, and people are able to take evasive or defensive action if threatened
52
territoriality
the possessive reaction to occupy space and objects within it, by means of which we communicate ownership and status
53
time communication
the way in which we use time (which is influenced by our psychological orientation toward it) may indicate nonverbally things about us, such as our culture and perceived status
54
one's sex or sexual identity. studies suggest that men and women use language differently, that their behaviour is often influenced by gender-role expectations, and that they tend to interpret the moral dimensions of life in different terms.
gender
55
a harvard psychologist who studied moral reasoning development for more than two decades - used the "joe dilemma"
Lawrence Kohlberg
56
reasoning that deals with ethical issues (e.g., conflicting rights)
moral reasoning
57
identified the different voice of morality
Carol Gilligan
58
the different voice of morality identified by Gilligan to highlight a distinction between two approaches to morality. one, which is typically but not necessarily female, views moral situations more personally and concretely. the other, which is typically but not necessarily male, views moral situations more impersonally and abstractly. this insight has led to the discovery in social scientific research that theories and methodologies, once considered sexually neutral in their scientific objectivity, actually reflected consistent observational and evaluative biases.
moral voice
59
the feminine moral voice, which speaks to morality from a subjective persona, contextual, emotional or relational basis
morality of care
60
the intimate, social aspect of human social morality
relationship
61
the masculine moral voice, which speaks to morality from a detached, rationally objective, impartial and coldly impersonal application of rules and principles
morality of impersonal justice
62
according to carl jung, the feminine qualities, attributes, and intentions that men and women each possess as a part of their psyche
anima
63
according to carl jung, the masculine qualities, attributes and intentions that men and women each possess as part of their psyches
animus
64
gender-based dissimilarities with respect to the form of language communication
asymmetries
65
speaking in and before groups of people, the kind of speaking which, according to Tannen, is more comfortable for men than for women
public speaking
66
the language of conversation, this is the option that more women feel comfortable with, according to Tannen
private speaking
67
according to Tannen, this usually takes place publicly, and men are more comfortable using this. it is used to exhibit knowledge and skill, preserve independence and maintain status in the hierarchical social order
report talk
68
according to Tannen, the language of conversation, or private speaking, which more women feel comfortable with. It helps to establish connections and negotiate relationships
rapport talk
69
a form of conversation that can form the core of friendship and which can serve as a useful function in establishing intimacy
gossip talk
70
referring to a society comprised of many languages, faiths, ethnic, and racial backgrounds, sexual orientations and inclinations
pluralistic
71
a society that is culturally diverse
multicultural
72
our global economy, consisting of multinational corporations,foreign markets, and international trade agreements, requires us to communicate more effectively across different cultures
economic interdependence
73
governmental affairs can point to the importance of culture in communication
politics
74
a group of people living in a more or less defined and recognizable lifestyle. this group is collectively bonded by their shared values, ideals, beliefs, behaviours, and accepted ways of doing things
culture
75
the transmission of culture from one generation to the next
enculturation
76
the process by which an individual's culture is modified through direct contact or exposure with another culture
acculturation
77
communication between or among international, interracial, inter-ethnic, religious, occupational or gender groupings
intercultural communication
78
the social equivalent to psychological egocentrism in which people, racial minorities, occupational groups, subcultures and religious denominations, for instance, see the world strictly from their own perspective
ethnocentrism
79
a potential obstacle to effective intercultural communication. when dealing with other cultures we sometimes tend to perceive differences as greater than they really are.
perception of difference
80
an international obstacle to effective communication in which a difference, say between cultures, is reported as being greater than it is. while it may work militarily or politically, it is ethically questionable.
false perception of difference
81
a perceptual error in which we lump different individuals together by wrongly attributing to them common characteristics
stereotype
82
the ability to understand another's feelings or to place oneself in another's shoes
empathy
83
the attitudes (conscious or unconscious) we bring to interpersonal or intercultural social interaction. Negative attitudes, such as ignorance or prejudicial tendencies act as an impediment to effective communication.
pre-communication studies
84
specialized, technical language belonging to a particular field or discipline
jargon
85
communication without words. nonverbal messages are sent through a number of channels. for example, info may be sent by means of gestures, physical movements, facial expressions, eye movements, uses of space and time, personal appearance and touch. they may be sent intentionally or unintentionally.
nonverbal communication
86
to underscore a verbal statement by nonverbal behaviour cues
accent
87
adding nonverbal cues to our communication that assist in delivering our meaning. for instance, we may laugh as we tell a joke, or shake our head when expressing disbelief
complement
88
nonverbal cues that convey a meaning opposite to the verbal communication. for instance, delivering the words "trust me" with a devilish grin
contradict
89
the manner in which we may nonverbally express our desire to direct a communication by indicating that we are ready to listen
regulate
90
through nonverbal communication, you can say the same thing you just said through verbal communication
repeat
91
the manner in which something is said; the volume, rate, pitch, articulation and emphasis.
paralanguage
92
one of the categories of paralanguage that involves our pronunciation, when we articulate, we may leave off parts of words (deletion), we may replace part of a word (substitution), we may add parts to words (addition), or we may slur our words
articulation
93
an aspect of articulation in which we replace parts of words with other sounds
substitution
94
a dimension of paralanguage that points to the highness or lowness of your voice and can be related to rate and volume.
pitch
95
the physical location within which communication takes place
environment
96
decoration of space involving the physical environment, including, but not limited to, colour, clothing, and bodily ornament
artifactual communication
97
this is closely tied to clothing, colour, and adornment. there are some things about appearance that we can change or mask, but other things we can't. body type, attractiveness, height, weight and skin colour can communicate messages about ourselves
physical appearance
98
a pleasing physical appearance tends to be a nonverbal cue indicating such other desirable traits as intelligence, independence, sociability, and sexual warmth
attractiveness
99
posture and physical gesture that can nonverbally communicate such things as our emotions or emotional states
bodily movement (kinesics)
100
we each live in a kind of invisible space bubble that either expands or contracts, depending on particular conditions and circumstances. Such factors determine the size of the bubble we choose, or the distance we maintain from others.
space communication (proxemics)
101
1st category of spatial distance - at this distance (range: skin contact to 1/2 m) the close phase includes the space for such things as lovemaking, wrestling, comforting, and protecting. at the far phase, touch can be achieved by hand extension, this is not usually a distance considered proper for stranger-to-stranger interaction
intimate distance
102
2nd category of spatial distance - (range: 1/2 to 1 1/3 m) at this distance perceptual acuity is still very strong. at the far phase of this distance, we can keep someone at arm's length, if we wish. it is also at this distance that we discuss subjects of personal interest and involvement
personal distance
103
3rd category of spatial distance (range: 1 1/3 to 2 1/3m) at this distance visual acuity begins to diminish. it is here that we typically conduct business and interact at social gatherings
social distance
104
4th category of spatial distance (range: 4 to 8 1/3 m) this is the distance your college or university instructor probably uses in the classroom. from this distance nonverbal communication must be exaggerated or amplified to be perceived, and people are able to take evasive or defensive action if threatened
public distance
105
the possessive reaction to occupy space and objects within it, by means of which we communicate ownership and status
territoriality
106
the way in which we use time (which is influenced by our psychological orientation toward it) may indicate nonverbally things about us, such as our culture and perceived status
time communication
