chapter 5

Question 0

Applied behavior analysis

Answer 0

(ABA) Systematic application of stimulus-response principles to address a chronic behavior problem

Question 1

antecedents

Answer 1

stimuli that precede and induce behaviors

Question 2

Assertive discipline

Answer 2

an approach to classroom management that promotes a clear and firm response style with students

Question 3

attributions

Answer 3

personally constructed causal explanations for a success or failure

Question 4

attribution theory

Answer 4

theoretical perspective focusing on people’s explanations (attributions) concerning the causes of events that befall them, as well as on the behaviors that result from such explanations

Question 5

autonomy

Answer 5

basic need to control the course of one’s life

Question 6

belongingness

Answer 6

general sense that one is an important and valued member of the classroom

Question 7

challenge

Answer 7

situation in which a learner believes that success is possible with sufficient effort

Question 8

classroom climate

Answer 8

overall psychological atmosphere of the classroom

Question 9

classroom management

Answer 9

establishment and maintenance of a classroom environment conducive to learning and achievement

Question 10

cognitive dissonance

Answer 10

feeling of mental discomfort caused by new information that conflicts with current knowledge or beliefs

Question 11

competence

Answer 11

basic need to be effective in dealing with the environment

Question 12

contingency

Answer 12

situation in which one event (e.g., reinforcement) happens only after another event (e.g., a specific response) has already occurred (one event is contingent on the other’s occurrence)

Question 13

contingency contract

Answer 13

formal agreement between teacher and student that identifies behaviors the student will exhibit and the reinforcers that will follow

Question 14

consequences

Answer 14

event (stimuli) that occur following a behavior and that influences the probability of the behaviors recurring

Question 15

cueing

Answer 15

use of simple signals to indicate that a certain behavior is desired or that a certain behavior should stop

Question 16

expectancy-value theory

Answer 16

theoretical perspective proposing that human motivation is a function of two beliefs: that one can succeed in an activity (expectancy) and that there are direct or indirect benefits in performing the activity (value)

Question 17

extrinsic motivation

Answer 17

motivation resulting from factors external to the individual and unrelated to the task being performed

Question 18

extrinsic reinforcer

Answer 18

reinforcer that comes from the outside environment, rather than from within the learner

Question 19

functional analysis

Answer 19

examination of inappropriate behavior and its antecedents and consequences to determine one or more purposes (functions) that the behavior might serve for the learner

Question 20

goal theory

Answer 20

theoretical perspective that portrays human motivation as being directed toward particular goals; the nature of these goals determines the specific ways in which people think and behave

Question 21

humanism

Answer 21

philosophical perspective in which people are seen as having tremendous potential for psychological growth and as continually striving to fulfill that potential

Question 22

internalized motivation

Answer 22

adoption of others’ priorities and values as one’s own

Question 23

intrinsic motivation

Answer 23

motivation resulting from personal characteristics or inherent in the task being performed

Question 24

intrinsic reinforcer

Answer 24

reinforcer provided by oneself or inherent in a task being performed

Question 25

learned helplessness

Answer 25

general, fairly pervasive belief that one is incapable of accomplishing tasks and has little or no control over the environment

Question 26

locus of causality

Answer 26

the location - internal or external - of the cause of behavior

Question 27

logical consequence

Answer 27

unpleasant consequence that follows naturally or logically from a student's misbehavior

Question 28

mastery goal

Answer 28

desire to acquire additional knowledge or master new skills

Question 29

mastery learning

Answer 29

approach to instruction in which students learn one topic throughly before moving on to a subsequent one

Question 30

mastery orientation

Answer 30

general, fairly pervasive belief that one is capable of accomplishing challenging tasks

Question 31

modeling

Answer 31

demonstrating a behavior for another; also, observing and imitating another's behavior

Question 32

motivation

Answer 32

inner state that energizes, directs, and sustains behavior

Question 33

need for autonomy

Answer 33

basic need for independence

Question 34

need for arousal

Answer 34

ongoing need for either physical or cognitive stimulation

Question 35

need for competence

Answer 35

basic need to believe that one can deal effectively with the overall environment

Question 36

need for relatedness

Answer 36

basic need to feel socially connected to others and to secure others' love and respect

Question 37

need for self-determination

Answer 37

basic need to believe that one has some autonomy and control regarding the course of one's life

Question 38

negative reinforcement

Answer 38

phenomenon in which a response increases as a result of the removal (rather than presentation) of a stimulus

Question 39

operant conditioning

Answer 39

form of learning in which a response increases in frequency as a result of its being followed by reinforcement

Question 40

performance-approach goal

Answer 40

desire to look good and receive favorable judgments from others

Question 41

performance-avoidance goal

Answer 41

desire not to look bad or receive unfavorable judgments from others

Question 42

Positive behavioral support (PBS)

Answer 42

systematic intervention that addresses chronic misbehaviors by (a) identifying the purposes those behaviors might serve for a student and (b) providing more appropriate ways for a student to achieve the same ends

Question 43

positive psychology

Answer 43

theoretical perspective that portrays people as having many unique qualities that propel them to engage in productive, worthwhile activities; it shares early humanists' belief that people strive to fulfill their potential but also shares contemporary psychologists' belief that theories of motivation must be research-based

Question 44

positive reinforcement

Answer 44

phenomenon in which a response increases as a result of the presentation (rather than the removal) of a stimulus

Question 45

presentation punishment

Answer 45

punishment involving presentation of a new stimulus, presumably one a learner finds unpleasant

Question 46

primary reinforcer

Answer 46

consequence that decreases the frequency of the response it follows

Question 47

reinforcement

Answer 47

act of following a response with a reinforcer

Question 48

reinforcer

Answer 48

consequence of a response that leads to increased frequency of the response

Question 49

removal punishment

Answer 49

punishment involving removing of an existing stimulus, presumably one a learner finds desirable and doesn't want to lose

Question 50

secondary reinforcer

Answer 50

consequence that becomes reinforcing over time through its association with another reinforcer

Question 51

self-determination theory

Answer 51

theoretical perspective proposing that human beings have a basic need for autonomy (self-determination) about the courses that their lives take; it further proposes that humans also have basic needs to feel competent and to have close, affectionate relationships with others

Question 52

self-efficacy

Answer 52

belief that one is capable of executing certain behaviors or reaching certain goals

Question 53

self-handicapping

Answer 53

behavior that undermines one success as a way of protecting self-worth during difficult tasks

Question 54

situated motivation

Answer 54

motivation that emerges at least partly from conditions in a learner's immediate environment

Question 55

situational interest

Answer 55

interest evoked temporarily by something in the environment