Chapter 5

Question 1

Synarthroses

Answer 1

• immovable joint

- fibrous; absorb shock

Question 2

types of synarthroses joints

Answer 2

sutures and syndesmoses

Question 3

sutures

Answer 3

irregularly grooved bone sheets; connected by fibers continuous w/ periosteum (skull)

Question 4

periosteum

Answer 4

double layer membrane covering bone; tendons attach to outside layer; osteoblast activity on inner layer

Question 5

syndesmoses

Answer 5

“held by bands” dense fibrous tissue binds bones together

Question 6

amphiarthroses

Answer 6

slightly movable, cartilaginous joints; reduce applied forces and allow more motion of adjacent bones

Question 7

types of amphiarthroses joints

Answer 7

synchondroses and symphyses

Question 8

synchondroses

Answer 8

articulating bones held by thin layer of hyaline cartilage (sternocostal joints)

Question 9

Symphyses

Answer 9

disc of fibrocartilage separates the bones ex: vertebral joints

Question 10

diarthroses

Answer 10

freely movable; bone surface covered w/ articular cartilage; articular capsule surrounds joints; synovial membrane lining interior secrets synovial fluid

Question 11

diarthroses (synovial) joints

Answer 11

gliding, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, and ball and socket

Question 12

gliding

Answer 12

• nearly flat bone surfaces (tarsals and carpals)

- nonaxial gliding movement

Question 13

hinge

Answer 13

one bone surface is convex and the other concave (elbow)

Question 14

pivot

Answer 14

rotation around 1 axis; uniaxial (atlas and axis)

Question 15

condyloid

Answer 15

• one surface is ovular convex and other is reciprocally concave
• flexion, extension, ab and adduction, and circumduction allowed (joints in hands)

Question 16

saddle

Answer 16

+both surfaces shaped like seat in riding saddle

+same as condyloid, but w/ greater ROM (thumb)

Question 17

ball and socket

Answer 17

surfaces reciprocally convex and concave; all 3 planes of movement (hip and shoulder)

Question 18

articular cartilage

Answer 18

protective layer of dense white connective tissue; has little to no ability to heal

Question 19

what is articular cartilage made of?

Answer 19

soft porous permeable tissue that’s hydrated; made of chondrocytes

Question 20

Functions of articular cartilage

Answer 20

reduce contact stress by spreading load over wide area

Question 21

articular capsule

Answer 21

double layer membrane that surrounds the joint

Question 22

synovial fluid

Answer 22

clear slightly yellow liquid that lubricates inside articular capsule

Question 23

bursae

Answer 23

small capsules filled w/ synovial fluid that cushion structures they separate

Question 24

articular fibrocartilage

Answer 24

1. distribute loads over joint surfaces
2. improve fit of articulations
3. limit slip btwn articulating bones
4. protect joint periphery
5. lubricate joint
6. absorb shock

Question 25

tendons

Answer 25

connect muscle to bone

Question 26

ligaments

Answer 26

connect bones to other bones

Question 27

tendons and ligaments

Answer 27

- passive tissues composed mostly of collagen and elastic fibers - can't contract but are extensible, and return to original length

Question 28

joint stability

Answer 28

ability of a joint to resist abnormal displacement of the articulating bones

Question 29

What factors increase joint stability?

Answer 29

1. articulating bone surfaces (stability @ max when in the close-packed position) 2. A strong array of ligaments and muscle tendons crossing the joint 3. Absence of muscle fatigue

Question 30

range of motion (ROM)

Answer 30

angle joint moves from anatomical position to the extreme limit of segment motion in a particular direction

Question 31

What factors influence joint flexibility?

Answer 31

- Intervening bony or muscle tissue fat at the end of the ROM - Tightness/laxity in the muscle and collagenous tissue crossing a joint - Muscle fatigue

Question 32

Muscle spindles

Answer 32

senses a muscle's speed and length of stretch and initiates contraction of the agonist muscle to reduce excessive stretch

Question 33

Golgi tendon organ (GTO)

Answer 33

- sensory receptor that inhibits tension development in a muscle and initiates tension development in antagonist muscles - located in tendon

Question 34

active stretching

Answer 34

stretching of muscles, tendons, and ligaments produced by tension in antagonist muscles

Question 35

passive stretching

Answer 35

use of gravitational force, force by another body segment, or force applied by another person to move body segment to end of ROM

Question 36

advantage of active stretching

Answer 36

exercising muscle groups

Question 37

advantage/ disadvantage of passive stretching

Answer 37

can be moved father, but increase in injury potential

Question 38

ballistic stretching

Answer 38

series of quick bouncing type stretches

Question 39

static stretching

Answer 39

maintaining slow controlled sustained stretch over time (a/b 30 sec)

Question 40

dynamic stretching

Answer 40

stretch w/ controlled movement, not bouncing motion

Question 41

proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF)

Answer 41

group of stretching procedures involving alternating contraction and relaxation of the muscles being stretched

Question 42

Osteoarthritis

Answer 42

- common, degenerative disease of articular cartilage | - Symptoms: pain, swelling, ROM restriction, and stiffness