Chapter 5

Question 1

Analgesia

Answer 1

Absence of or reduction in pain

Question 2

Anterolateral System

Answer 2

Somatosensory system that carries most of the pain information from the body to the brain

Question 3

Apraxia

Answer 3

Impairment in the ability to carry out complex movements, even though there is no muscle paralysis

Question 4

Ataxia

Answer 4

Loss of movement coordination

Question 5

Ballistic

Answer 5

Rapid muscular movement that is generally fully preprogrammed and thus not susceptible to error correction during execution

Question 6

Basal Ganglia

Answer 6

Forebrain nuclei deep within the cerebral hemispheres

Question 7

What is included in the basal ganglia?

Answer 7

Caudate nucleus
Globus pallidus
Putamen

Question 8

Central Modulation of Sensory Information

Answer 8

Higher brain centers suppress some sources of sensory information and amplify others

Question 9

Cingulate Cortex

Answer 9

Region of medial cerebral cortex that lies dorsal to the corpus callosum

Question 10

Decomposition of Movement

Answer 10

Difficulty of movement in which gestures are broken up into individual segments instead of being executed smoothly

Question 11

Extrapyramidal System

Answer 11

Motor system that includes the basal ganglia and some closely related brainstem structures.
Axons pass into the spinal cord outside the pyramids of the medulla.
Causes involuntary reflexes and movements.

Question 12

Final Common Pathway

Answer 12

Motoneurons of the spinal cord

Receive and integrate all motor signals form the brain and then direct movement accordingly

Question 13

Generator Potential

Answer 13

Local change in the resting potential of a receptor cell that mediates between the impact of the stimuli and the initial of action potentials

Question 14

Huntington’s Disease

Answer 14

Genetic disorder
Destruction of basal ganglia results in a syndrome of abrupt, involuntary writhing movements and changes in mental functioning

Question 15

Intrafusal Fiber

Answer 15

Any of the small muscle fibers that lie within each muscle spindle

Question 16

Meissner’s Corpuscle

Answer 16

Skin receptor cell type that detects light touch, responding especially to changes in stimuli

Question 17

Merkel’s Disc

Answer 17

Skin receptor cell type that detects light touch, responding especially to edges and isolated points on a surface

Question 18

Muscle Spindle

Answer 18

Muscle receptor that lies parallel to a muscle and sends impulses to the central nervous system when the muscles stretched

Question 19

Naloxone

Answer 19

Potent antagonist or opiates that is often administered to people who have taken drug overdoses
Binds to receptors for endogenous opioids

Question 20

Neuromuscular Junction

Answer 20

Region where the motoneuron terminal and the adjoining muscle fiber meet
Point where the nerve transmits its message to the muscle fiber

Question 21

Neuropathic Pain

Answer 21

Pain that persists long after the injury that started it has healed
Caused by damage to peripheral nerves and is often difficult to treat

Question 22

Nonprimary Motor Cortex

Answer 22

Frontal lobe regions adjacent to the primary motor cortex that contribute to motor control and modulate the activity of the primary motor cortex

Question 23

Nonprimary Sensory Cortex

Answer 23

Secondary Sensory Cortex

Cortical regions receiving direct projections from primary sensory cortex for that modality

Question 24

Pacinian Corpuscle

Answer 24

Skin receptor cell type that detects vibration and pressure

Question 25

Paresis

Answer 25

Muscular weakness

Question 26

Plegia

Answer 26

Paralysis

Question 27

Premotor Cortex

Answer 27

Region of nonpirmary motor cortex just anterior to the primary motor cortex

Question 28

Primary Motor Cortex

Answer 28

M1 Apparent executive region for the initiation of movement Primarily the precentral gyrus

Question 29

Primary Sensory Cortex

Answer 29

Region of cortex that receives most of the info about that modality from the thalamus directly from the secondary sensory neurons

Question 30

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

Answer 30

S1 Gyrus just posterior to the central sulcus where sensory receptors on the body surface are mapped Registers what has been sensed

Question 31

Pyramidal System

Answer 31

Motor system that includes neurons within the cerebral cortex and their axons Form the pyramidal tract

Question 32

Ruffini Corpuscle

Answer 32

Skin receptor cell type that detects stretching of the skin

Question 33

Somatosensory System

Answer 33

Set of specialized receptors and neural mechanisms responsible for body sensations such as touch and pain

Question 34

Substantia Nigra

Answer 34

Region of non primary motor cortex that receives input from the basal ganglia and modulates the activity of the primary motor cortex

Question 35

Supplementary Motor Area

Answer 35

SMA Region of non primary motor cortex that receives input from the basal ganglia and modulates the activity of the primary motor cortex

Question 36

Synesthesia

Answer 36

Condition in which stimuli in one modality evoke the involuntary experience of an additional sensation in another modality

Question 37

Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation

Answer 37

TENS Delivery of electrical pulses through electrodes attached to the skin, which excite nerves that supply the region to which pain is referred Can relieve the pain in some instances

Question 38

Transient Receptor Potential 2

Answer 38

Receptor Found in some free nerve endings Opens its channel in response to rising temperatures