Chapter 7

Question 1

Amacrine Cell

Answer 1

Specialized retinal cell that contracts both bipolar cells and ganglion cells
Especially significant in inhibitory interactions within the retina

Question 2

Amblyopia

Answer 2

Reduced visual acuity that is not caused by optical or retinal impairments

Question 3

Bipolar Cell

Answer 3

Interneuron in the retina that receives information from rods and cones and passes the information to retinal ganglion cells

Question 4

Blindsight

Answer 4

Paradoxical phenomenon

Person cannot consciously perceive visual cues but may still be able to make some visual discrimination

Question 5

Ciliary Muscle

Answer 5

One of the muscles that control the shape of the lens inside the eye, focusing an image on the retina

Question 6

Complex Cortical Cell

Answer 6

Cell in visual cortex

Responds best to a bar of a particular size and orientation anywhere within a particular area of the visual field

Question 7

Convergence

Answer 7

Phenomenon of neural connections in which many cells send signals to a single cell

Question 8

Extraocular Muscle

Answer 8

One of the muscles attached to the eyeball that control its position and movements

Question 9

Horizontal Cell

Answer 9

Specialized retinal cell that contacts both receptor cells and bipolar cells

Question 10

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

Answer 10

Part of the thalamus that receives information from the optic tract and sends it to visual areas in the occipital cortex

Question 11

Lateral Inhibition

Answer 11

Phenomenon by which interconnected neurons inhibit their neighbors
Produces contrast at the edges of regions

Question 12

Off-Center Bipolar Cell

Answer 12

Retinal bipolar cell that is inhibited by light in the center of its receptive field

Question 13

Off-Center/On-Surround

Answer 13

Referring to a concentric receptive field in which stimulation of the center inhibits the cell of interest while stimulation of the surround excites it

Question 14

On-Center/Off-Surround

Answer 14

Referring to a concentric receptive field in which stimulation of the center excites the cell of interest while stimulation of the surround inhibits it

Question 15

Opponent-Process Hypothesis

Answer 15

Hypothesis of color perception stating that different systems produce opposite responses to light of different wavelengths

Question 16

Optic Radiation

Answer 16

Axons from the lateral geniculate nucleus that terminate in the primary visual areas of the occipital cortex

Question 17

Scotoma

Answer 17

Region of blindness within the visual fields

Caused by injury to the visual pathway or brain

Question 18

Simple Cortical Cell

Answer 18

Cell in the visual cortex that responds best to an edge or a bar that has a particular width, as well as a particular orientation and location in the visual field

Question 19

Spatial-Frequency Model

Answer 19

Model of vision that emphasizes the analysis of different spatial frequencies, of various orientations and in various parts of the visual field, as the basis of visual perception of form

Question 20

Spectrally Opponent Cell

Answer 20

Visual receptor cell that has opposite firing responses to different regions of the spectrum

Question 21

Topographic Projection

Answer 21

Map that preserves the point-to-point correspondence between neighboring parts space

Question 22

Example of Topographic Projection

Answer 22

Retina extends a topographic projection onto the cortex

Question 23

Trichromatic Hypothesis

Answer 23

Hypothesis of color perception stating that there are three different types of cones, each excited by a different region of the spectrum and each having a separate pathway to the brain