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Psyc Of Learning > Chapter 5&6 > Flashcards

Chapter 5&6 Flashcards

1
Q

Who was the father of animal research?

A

Edward Lee Thorndike

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2
Q

Puzzle Box

A

animal specially designed enclosure, with food in plain sight

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3
Q

Thorndike’s Law of Effect

A

• The law of effect states that behaviors followed by pleasant or rewarding consequences are more likely to be repeated, while behaviors followed by unpleasant or punishing consequences are less likely to be repeated.

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4
Q

Operant Learning

A

theory of learning where behavior is influenced by its consequences

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5
Q

T/F. Pavlovian conditioning is active

A

False

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6
Q

T/F. Operant conditioning is active

A

True

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7
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

The act of rewarding a behavior to encourage it to happen again in the future
-Something rewarding is added (+) to encourage behavior

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8
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

When something unpleasant or aversive is removed to increase behavior
-Something is removed (-) to increase behavior

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9
Q

Characteristics to Qualify as Reinforcement

A
  1. A behavior must have consequence
  2. The behavior must be more likely to occur again
  3. An increase in strength must be the result of the consequence that the behavior produced
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10
Q

Behavioral Momentum

A

Behavior persisting
a term used to refer to the strength
of a reinforced behavior

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11
Q

Discrete Trial Procedure

A

A form of operant learning in which the participant’s “successful” behavior ends the trial

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12
Q

Free Operant Procedure

A

A form of operant learning in which a participant’s behavior is free to vary

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13
Q

What are the different kinds of reinforcers?

A

-Primary Reinforcers
-Secondary Reinforcers
-Contrived Reinforcers
-Natural Reinforcers

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14
Q

Primary Reinforcers

A

-Internal motivators
-Naturally/Innately reinforcing
-They do not depend on their association with other reinforcers

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15
Q

Example of Primary Reinforcer

A

Food, Drink, Sex, Drugs, Sleep

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16
Q

Satiation

A

A phenomenon whereby primary reinforcers lose their effectiveness with continued access

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17
Q

Secondary Reinforcers

A

A stimulus that reinforces a behavior after it has been associated with a primary reinforcer
-also called “conditioned reinforcers”

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18
Q

Examples of Secondary Reinforcers

A

Money, Praise, Hugs, Token Economy

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19
Q

Advantages of Secondary Reinforcers

A

-Reach satiation slower
-Easier to reinforce
-Less disruptive than primary

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20
Q

Disadvantages of Secondary Reinforcers

A

Their effectiveness depends on their association with primary reinforcers

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21
Q

Contrived Reinforcers

A

Events that have been arranged by someone, usually for the purpose of modifying behavior

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22
Q

Example of Contrived Reinforcers

A

Giving out candy to increase engagement

23
Q

Natural Reinforcers

A

One that has a direct relationship to the behavior and occurs naturally in the environment

24
Q

Name the ABCs of Operant Learning

A

-A: Antecedent
-B: Behavior
-C: Consequence

25
Q

Describe the A of Operant Learning

A

-A: Antecedent
-refers to the action, event, or circumstance that led up to the behavior and encompasses anything that might contribute to the behavior

26
Q

Describe the B of Operant Learning

A

-B: Behavior
-“target behavior”
-refers to what the student does in response to the antecedent

27
Q

Describe the C of Operant Learning

A

-C: Consequence
-the outcome that reinforces the child’s behavior or seeks to modify the behavior

28
Q

Example of ABC

A

A: the student is given a bin filled with parts to assemble and asked to assemble the parts
B: the student throws the bin with all of the parts onto the floor
C: the student is given a timeout until he calms (the student must later pick up the pieces before allowed to return to classroom activities

29
Q

Shaping

A

involves breaking down a new behavior into a series of steps, and gradually guiding the subject toward the desired outcome

30
Q

Behavior Chain

A

a connected sequence of behaviors

31
Q

Task Analysis

A

the procedure of breaking an overall task down into its component parts

32
Q

Chaining

A

teaching a behavior chain
-components of a behavior chain must be completed in a particular order for the result to be successful

33
Q

Forward Chaining

A

when each behavior in the chain is taught in its logical order and each behavior is reinforced

34
Q

Backward Chaining

A

refers to teaching a behavior chain beginning with the last step

35
Q

Contingency

A

-the degree of correlation between a behavior and its consequence
-If I make a behavior, then a specific consequence will follow

36
Q

Contiguity

A

-refers to the interval of time between when a behavior occurs when consequences (reinforcement) is received
-refers to the closeness in time of a behavior and the consequences that follows it
-shorter interval = more rapid learning

37
Q

Magnitude

A

-refers to the quantity, intensity, or duration of the reinforcer provided responding
-large reinforcer are more effective than small ones

38
Q

“Preferred-ness”

A

a reinforcer that is qualitatively of high value to the organism will be more effective in producing learning

39
Q

Motivating Operations

A

Events that either encourage or prevent a certain behavior; essentially the desire that drives a specific action

40
Q

Task Difficulty

A

More difficult tasks are harder to learn than easier ones

41
Q

Olds & Milner (1954) Neuromechanics of Reinforcement

A

-Implanted electrodes stimulated the “reward pathway,” where dopamine is produced when stimulated
-Unexpected reinforcers produce more dopamine than ones that are expected

42
Q

Extinction

A

-Involves withholding the consequences that reinforce a behavior until that behavior no longer
-refers to the process of no longer providing the reinforcement that has been maintaining a behavior

43
Q

Extinction Burst

A

a phenomenon whereby the removal of behavior-maintaining reinforcement leads to a sharp increase in the behavior in the immediate short-term

44
Q

Extinction Procedures

A

-extinction procedures will typically lead to an increase in variability, of behavior, as the organism tries to figure out what it can do to get the reinforcer back

45
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

the re-emergence of a behavior in response to a reward or punishment

46
Q

Resurgence

A

a phenomenon involving the reappearance of previously reinforced behavior following the removal of reinforcement

47
Q

Factors Affecting Rate of Extinction

A

-# of time behavior was reinforced prior to extinction
-the effort the behavior requires
-magnitude of the reinforcer used during training
*behavior is acquired rapidly and extinguished slowly

48
Q

Clark Hull’s Drive-Reduction Theory

A

Suggests that behavior is motivated by the need to reduce physiological imbalances or ‘drives

49
Q

Drive

A

a need state (hungry, thristy, etc.) will be positively reinforcing

50
Q

Drawback of Drive-Reduction Theory

A

struggles to explain dependence on secondary reinforcers

51
Q

David Premack’s Relative Value Theory

A

Considers reinforcers to be behavior rather than stimuli & attributes a reinforcer’s effectiveness to its probability (value) relative to other behaviors
-not just stimuli, bu the behavior

52
Q

Premack Principle

A

high probability behavior reinforcers low probability behavior
-access to the preferred activity is contingent on completing the low-frequency, non-preferred behavior

53
Q

Response Deprivation Theory

A

Behavior becomes reinforcing when an organism is prevented from engaging in it at its normal frequency (e.g., baseline)

Psyc Of Learning (12 decks)

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