12 - Memory and Forgetting Flashcards
Ebbinghaus
-Some of the earliest studies of memory
-Worked on memorizing lists of nonsense syllable
Retention Interval
the period between a learning experience and its recall
Short Term Memory
the capacity to remember something over a short retention interval
Two Types of Short Term memories
-Primary Memory
-Working Memory
Long Term Memory
the capacity to remember something over longer periods of time
Declarative Memory
memory of events that can be expressed, usually with words
Endel Tulving proposes declarative memory be divided into:
-Semantic Memory
-Episodic Memory
Semantic Memory
the kind of memory that makes is possible for organisms to acquire, store and use information about the world in which they live in
“knowledge of the world”
Episodic Memory
memory for personally experienced events
Nondeclarative Memory
Memory of things that cannot be expressed, at least in words
Procedural Memory
Knowing how to perform a procedure
Hippocampus
neural structure involved in the formation of long-term memories
Case of H.M. illustrates
-The hippocampus seems more involved in episodic
-Procedural memory may be independent of hippcampus
Forgetting
a deterioration in learned behavior following a period without practice
Deterioration
when behavior is often less precise and/or less efficient than it was during retention
Free Recall
organism is given the opportunity to perform a previously learned behavior following a retention interval
Cued Recall
approach that provides hints/prompts to increase likelihood that a behavior will be produced
Recognition
individual only has to identify the material that was previously learned
Reminiscence
a phenomenon in which performance improves with the passage of time
State-Dependent Learning
a behavior learned when an organism is in a particular physiological state, is lost when that state passes; though may emerge once that state is once again achieved
Relearned Method
assesses the amount of training that must be provided in order to reach a previously learned level of performance “Savings Method”
T/F. Greater savings = greater memory
True
Gradient Degradation
a behavior is tested for generalization before and after a retention trial. A flattening of the gradient after passage of time indicates that forgetting has occurred
What steps are in Gradient Degradation
- Classical C Training
- Testing & Gradient
- Discrimination Training
- Period without practice
- Testing the gradient
