Chapter 5/6

Question 1

A systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience.

Answer 1

Learning

Question 2

A theory of learning that focuses on observable behaviors.

Answer 2

Behaviorism

Question 3

Maintains that the principles of learning are the same whether we are talking about non-human animals or people.

Answer 3

Behaviorism

Question 4

Occurs when we make a connection, or an association, between two events.

Answer 4

Associative learning

Question 5

The process of learning associations. Two types are classical and operant. Studied by behaviorists.

Answer 5

Conditioning

Question 6

When organisms learn the association between two stimuli. Example: thunder and lightning.

Answer 6

Classical conditioning.

Question 7

When organisms learn the association between a behavior and a consequence, such as a reward.

Answer 7

Operant conditioning

Question 8

The learning that takes place when a person observes and imitates another’s behavior.

Answer 8

Observational learning

Question 9

A common way that people learn in educational and other settings. Allies on mental processes.

Answer 9

Observational learning

Question 10

A stimulus that produces a response without prior learning.

Answer 10

Unconditional stimulus

Question 11

An unlearned reaction that is automatically elicited by the unconditional stimulus.

Answer 11

Unconditional response

Question 12

A previously neutral stimulus that eventually illicits a conditioned response after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

Answer 12

Conditioned stimulus

Question 13

The learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after conditioned stimulants – unconditional stimulus pairing.

Answer 13

Conditioned response

Question 14

The initial learning of the connection between the conditioned response and unconditioned stimulus when these two stimuli are paired.

Answer 14

Acquisition

Question 15

Means that the condition stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are presented very close together in time.

Answer 15

Contiguity

Question 18

Means that the condition stimulus must not only proceed the unconditioned stimulus closely in time; it must also serve as a reliable indicator that the unconditioned stimulus is on its way.

Answer 18

Contingency

Question 19

In classical conditioning is the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original condition stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response.

Answer 19

Generalization

Question 20

In classical conditioning is the process of learning to respond to a certain stimuli and not others.

Answer 20

Discrimination

Question 21

In classical conditioning is the weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent.

Answer 21

Extinction

Question 22

Is the process in classical conditioning by which a conditioned response can reoccur after a time delay, without further conditioning.

Answer 22

Spontaneous recovery

Question 23

A classical conditioning procedure for changing the relationship between a condition stimulus and its conditioned response.

Answer 23

Counterconditioning

Question 24

A form of treatment that involves repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus.

Answer 24

Adversive conditioning

Question 25

Refers to the decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations.

Answer 25

Habituation

Question 26

A form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behaviors change the probability of the behaviors occurrence.

Answer 26

Operant conditioning

Question 27

States that behavior is followed by satisfying outcomes or strengthened in the behaviors, followed by frustrating outcomes our weakened.

Answer 27

Thorndyke’s law of effect

Question 28

Refers to rewarding, successive approximation of a desired behavior.

Answer 28

Shaping

Question 29

The process by which a stimulus or event following a particular behavior, increases the probability that the behavior will happen again.

Answer 29

Reinforcement

Question 30

Occurs when the organism learns that by making a particular response. A negative stimulus can be altogether avoided.

Answer 30

Avoidance learning

Question 31

Where an organism, exposed to uncontrollable adversive stimuli, learns that it has no control over negative outcomes.

Answer 31

Learned helplessness

Question 32

Isn’t nightly satisfying; that is, a reinforcer that does not require any learning on the organisms part to make it pleasurable. Example, examples are food, water, and sexual satisfaction.

Answer 32

Primary reinforcer

Question 33

Acquire as its positive value through an organisms experience; this reinforce her is a learned or conditioned reinforcer. Examples are A’s and paychecks are good.

Answer 33

Secondary reinforcer.

Question 34

Acquire as its positive value through an organisms experience; this reinforce her is a learned or conditioned reinforcer. Examples are A’s and paychecks are good.

Answer 34

Secondary reinforcer.

Question 35

In operant conditioning, this means performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation.

Answer 35

Generalization

Question 36

In operant conditioning, this means responding appropriately to stimuli that signal a behavior will or will not be reinforced.

Answer 36

Discrimination

Question 37

In operant conditioning, this occurs when a behavior is no longer reinforced and decreases in frequency.

Answer 37

Extinction

Question 38

Specific patterns that determine when a behavior will be reinforced.

Answer 38

Schedules of reinforcement

Question 39

A consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur.

Answer 39

Punishment

Question 40

A behavior decreases when it is followed by the presentation of a stimulus.

Answer 40

Positive punishment

Question 41

A behavior decreases when a stimulus is removed.

Answer 41

Negative punishment

Question 42

Putting off the pleasure of an immediate reward to gain a more valuable reward later.

Answer 42

Delay of gratification

Question 43

The use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior.

Answer 43

Applied behavior analysis or behavior modification

Question 44

Un reinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior.

Answer 44

Latent learning

Question 45

A form of problem-solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight into or understanding of a problem solution

Answer 45

Insight learning

Question 46

The idea that much of behavior is goal directed.

Answer 46

Purposive behavior

Question 47

The retention of information or experience overtime.

Answer 47

Memory

Question 48

Three important processes in which memory occurs.

Answer 48

Encoding Storage Retrieval

Question 49

The process by which information gets into memory storage.

Answer 49

Encoding

Question 51

This involves focusing on a specific aspect of experience while ignoring others.

Answer 51

Selective attention

Question 52

Involves concentrating on more than one activity at the same time.

Answer 52

Divided attention

Question 53

The ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time.

Answer 53

Sustained attention

Question 54

Involves action planning, allocating attention to goals, error, detection, and compensation, monitoring progress on tasks, and dealing with novel or difficult circumstances.

Answer 54

Executive attention

Question 55

This refers to a con continuum for shallow to intermediate to deep, with deeper processing producing better memory.

Answer 55

Levels of processing

Question 56

Level of processing where physical and perceptual features are analyzed. Examples include lines, angles and contour.

Answer 56

Shallow processing

Question 57

This level of processing is where stimulus is recognized and labeled. An example of the object is recognized as a car.

Answer 57

Intermediate processing

Question 58

This level of processing is where semantic, meaningful, symbolic characteristics are used. Example is thinking about the Porsche or Ferrari you hope to buy in the future.

Answer 58

Deep processing

Question 59

Refers to the formation of a number of different connections around a stimulus at any given level of memory encoding.

Answer 59

Elaboration

Question 60

This theory claims that memory for pictures is better than memory for words because pictures – at least love it can be named – are stored as both image, codes, and verbal codes.

Answer 60

Dual code theory

Question 61

Encompasses how information is retained overtime and how it is represented in memory.

Answer 61

Storage

Question 62

This theory separates memory storage into three systems, including sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory.

Answer 62

The Atkinson - Shiffrin theory

Question 63

This type of memory holds information from the world in it’s original sensory form for only an instant, not much longer than the brief time it is exposed to the visual, auditory, and other senses.

Answer 63

Sensory memory

Question 64

This type of sensory memory refers to the auditory sensory memory, which is retained for up to several seconds.

Answer 64

Echoic memory

Question 65

This type of sense of memory refers to visual sense of memory, which is retained only for about .25 second.

Answer 65

Iconic memory

Question 66

This type of memory is a limited capacity memory system in which information is usually retained for only as long as 30 seconds unless we use strategies to retain it longer.

Answer 66

Short-term memory

Question 67

This type of memory refers to a combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allows us to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks.

Answer 67

Working memory

Question 68

This type of memory is a relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of information for a long time.

Answer 68

Long-term memory

Question 69

This type of long-term memory is the conscious recollection of information, such as specific facts and events, and, at least in humans, information that can be verbally communicated. Example examples include recounting the events in a movie you have seen and recalling which politicians are in the president’s cabinet.

Answer 69

Explicit memory

Question 70

The type of explicit memory in which retention of information about the first date, and what you ate for breakfast this morning.

Answer 70

Episodic memory

Question 71

The type of explicit memory which is a person’s knowledge about the world.

Answer 71

Semantic memory

Question 72

Type of long-term memory that is related to non-consciously remembering skills and sensory perceptions rather than consciously remembering facts.

Answer 72

Implicit memory

Question 73

 a type of implicit memory process that involves memory for skills. For example, assuming that you’re an expert typist, when you type a paper, you are not conscious of where the keys are for the various letters.

Answer 73

Procedural memory

Question 74

Subsystem of implicit memory, which is the activation of information that people already have in storage to help them remember new information better and faster.

Answer 74

Priming

Question 75

A pre-existing mental concept or framework that helps people to organize and interpret information. Example going to a new restaurant but understanding what is going to happen.

Answer 75

Schema

Question 76

A schema for an event.

Answer 76

Script

Question 77

The theory that memory is stored throughout the brain and connections among neurons, several of which may work together to process a single memory.

Answer 77

Connectionism