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PSYC 2290 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

Perceptual and Motor Development

1
Q

sensory and perceptual processes (5.1)

A

means by which people receive, select, modify, and organize stimulation from the world

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2
Q

motor skills (5.1)

A

coordinated movements of the muscles and limbs

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3
Q

habituation (5.1)

A

when a novel stimulus is presented, babies pay much attention, but they pay less attention as it becomes more familiar

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4
Q

auditory threshold (5.1)

A
  • refers to the quietest sound that a person can hear
  • a fetus can hear at 7 or 8 months
  • pitches of sound (low and high)
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5
Q

HEARING (5.1)

  • 4.5 months
  • 4-7 months
  • 6-7 months
A
  • recognize their name
  • organize sounds into meaningful patterns
  • musical tunes
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6
Q

Statistical learned capacity (5.1)

A

babies accelerate the sound which accelerates intellectual development

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7
Q

ATTENTION TO LANGUAGE (5.1)

  • 6-8 months
  • 7-9 months
A
  • screens out sounds not heard in their native language

- more sensitive to individual words

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8
Q

Visual acuity (5.1)

A

the smallest pattern that can be distinguished dependably

- make lines narrower –> black and white becomes grey

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9
Q

contrast sensitivity (5.1)

A

measures responses to stimuli that vary both in size and contrast

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10
Q

cones (5.1)

A

detect wavelength (color) with these specialized neurons in the retina of the eye

  • connection between cones and brain increase in first few months
  • affect color visions
  • 3m. full range of colors
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11
Q

amodal (5.1)

A 
certain information (duration, rate, intensity) 
- it can be presented in different senses
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12
Q

intersensory redundancy theory (5.1)

A

Bahrick and Lickliter

- infant’s perceptual system is particularly attuned to amodal information that is presented to multiple sensory mods

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13
Q

perceptual processes (5.2)

A

determine that certain features go together to form objects

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14
Q

perceptual constancies (5.2)

A

achieved in infancy

  • allows infants to make sense of their environments
  • colour, shape constancies - interacting with their environment
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15
Q

size constancy (5.2)

A

the realization tat an object’s actual size remains the same despite changes in the size of its retinal image

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16
Q

visual cliff (5.2)

A

a glass-covered platform; on one side, a pattern appears directly under the glass, but on the other, it appears several feet below the glass

17
Q

kinetic cues (5.2)

A

motion is used to estimate depth

18
Q

visual expansion (5.2)

A

refers to the fact that as an object moves closer, it fills and ever greater proportion of the retina

19
Q

motion parallax (5.2)

A

refers to the fact that a nearby moving objects move across our visual field faster than those at a distance

20
Q

retinal disparity (5.2)

A

the left and right eyes often see slightly different versions of the same scene (4 months)

21
Q

pictorial cues (5.2)

A

the same cues that artist use to convey depth in drawings and painting
- depend on the arrangement of objects in the environment

22
Q

perceiving faces (5.2)

A
  • 1 month: outer edges of face
    - eyes, mouth, eyebrows
  • 5 to 6 months: facial features and the distance between these features
23
Q

attention (5.2)

A

the process by which we select information that will be processed further

24
Q

orienting response (5.2)

A

when presented with a strong or unfamiliar stimulus, this occurs

  • a person startles, fixes the eyes on the stimulus, and shows changes in heart rate and brain wave patterns
  • habituation indicates that attention is selective
25
Q

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (5.2)

A

affects 3-5% of CDN school age children

  • great proportion are boys
  • ritalin and CBT used as treatment (stimulants)
26
Q

3 symptoms of ADHD (5.2)

  1. inattention
  2. hyperactivity
  3. impusivity
A

3 symptoms of ADHD

  1. not able to concentrate in one task - obsessive with one issue that interferes with everything
  2. behavior, fidgety, abundance o fenergy but focus on one thing - escalates with situation when asked to limit their behavior
  3. don’t think before they act
27
Q

Cognitive Behavioral treatments (5.2)

A

situations that are predictable

  • calmly have them to do things “read instruction”
  • tangible reminders and introducing reinforcerments
28
Q

MOTOR DEVELOPMENT AND WALKING (5.3)

  • 4 months
  • 6-7 months
  • 7-8 months
  • 11 months
  • 2 years
A
  • sit up with support
  • sit without support
  • stand while holding on to an object
  • walk alone or with assistance
  • walk, climb, kick
29
Q

locomotion (5.3)

A

to move about in the world

30
Q

fine motor skills (5.3)

A

associated with grasping, holding, and manipulating objects

31
Q

toddlers (5.3)

A

can stand alone; briefly walk with assistance

- the toddling manner of walking

32
Q

dynamic systems theory (5.3)

A

motor development involves many distinct skills that are organized and reorganized over time to meet the demands of specific tasks

33
Q

COMPONENTS OF WALKING (5.3)

1. Posture and balance

A
  • by few months after birth, infants begin to use visual cues and an inner-ear mechanism to adjust their posture
  • must re calibrate the balance system as they take on each new posture
34
Q

COMPONENTS OF WALKING (5.3)

2. steppping

A
  • children don’t step spontaneously until approximately 10 months
35
Q

COMPONENTS OF WALKING (5.3)

3. environmental cues

A

use cues in the environment to judge whether a surface is suitable for walking

36
Q

COMPONENTS OF WALKING (5.3)

  1. coordination skills
    a. differentiation
    b. integration
A

a. dividing a task into smaller task // focusing on small task
b. combining hem in proper sequence into a coherent, working hole

37
Q

FINE MOTOR SKILLS - GRASPING (5.3)

a. 3 months
b. 4 months
c. 5-6 months
d. 7-8 months
e. 1 year
f. 2 years

A

a. adjust grasp to object size
b. use fingers to hold objects
c. coordination the motion of both hands
d. use their thumbs
e. hold object with one hand and use their thumb and index finger to manipulate the object
f. adjust hold to accommodate the size of the object

38
Q

HANDEDNESS (5.3)

a. 9 months
b. 13 months

A

a. use hands equally
b. show preference of dominant hand
- influenced by genetics and environment

PSYC 2290 (5 decks)

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