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BIOL-L 112 Exam 1 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

The four categories of Large Biological Molecules

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

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2
Q

Carbohydrates Functions

A

Dietary Energy; Storage; Plant Structure

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3
Q

Carbohydrates Examples

A

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

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4
Q

Monosaccharides Examples

A

Glucose, Fructose

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5
Q

Disaccharides Examples

A

Lactose, Sucrose

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6
Q

Polysaccharides Examples

A

Starch, Cellulose

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7
Q

Lipid Functions

A

Long-Term Energy Storage (Fats)

Hormones (Steroids)

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8
Q

Lipids Examples

A

Fats (Triglycerides)

Steroids (Testosterone, Estrogen)

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9
Q

Proteins Examples

A

Enzymes, Structure, Storage, Contraction, Transport

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10
Q

Proteins Examples

A

Lactase (An Enzyme)

Hemoglobin (A transport Protein)

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11
Q

Nucleic Acids Functions

A

Information Storage

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12
Q

Nucleic Acid Examples

A

DNA, RNA

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13
Q

Large Macromolecules formed by

A

Smaller monomers by the process of condensation

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14
Q

Most macro molecules are..

A

polymers

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15
Q

Polymers are made by…

A

stringing together many smaller molecules called monomers

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16
Q

A dehydration reaction

A

Links two monomers together
Removes molecule of water
Forms polymer

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17
Q

A hydrolysis reactions

A

adds a molecule of water and reverses the dehydration reaction

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18
Q

Carbohydrate Examples

A

Small Sugar molecules in energy drinks
Long starch molecules in spaghetti and French Fries
“Comfort Foods”

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19
Q

Carbohydrates in animals

A

Primary source of energy (ATP). Dietary Energy and Storage Energy

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20
Q

Carbohydrates in Plants

A

Building Material (Strength) and Storage Energy

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21
Q

Cellular Respiration Equation

A

Glucose + Oxygen –> ATP + CO2 + Water

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22
Q

Disaccharides Description

A

Double sugars formed by a dehydration reaction. Monomers joined by glycosidic bonds

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23
Q

Disaccharides Examples

A

Lactose In Milk
Maltose In Beer
Malted Milkshakes
Malted Milk Ball Candy and Sucrose In Table Sugar

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24
Q

Sucrose is..

A

the main carbohydrate in plant sap

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25
Taste Receptor Information
The better a molecule fits into the sweet sensing receptors, the sweeter it will be. Artifical Sweeteners are designed to fit better with receptors
26
Polysaccharides in Animals
Storage; Glycogen made up of glucose molecules in C1-4 (Linear) and C1-C6 (branch)
27
Polysaccharides in Plants; Storage Energy
Storage Energy; Starch made of Amylose (Linear C1-4 arrangements coiled in alpha helix
28
Polysaccharides in Plants; Strength
Cellulose is made of a linear C1-4 a and C1-4 Beta arrangement
29
Some of fats functions include
``` Energy Storage Cushioning Insulation Membranes Hormones ```
30
Fats consist of a
``` Glycerol Molecule (Hydrophilic Head) Joined with three fatty acid molecules (hydrophobic tail) ```
31
Hydrophobic Definition
Fear water
32
Hydrophillic Definition
Want water
33
Carbon Skeleton is unsaturated if..
it has fewer than the maximum number of hydrogens
34
Carbon skeleton saturated if..
it has the maximum number of hydrogens
35
A saturated fat has..
No double bonds | All three of its fatty acids saturated
36
Most animal fats..
have high proportion of saturated fatty acids. Can easily stack, solid at room temperature.
37
Atherosclerosis
Lipid-containing plaques build up along inside walls of blood vessels. Results in Strokes, Heart Attacks
38
Most plant and fish oils tend to be..
High in unsaturated fatty acids | Liquid at room tempterature
39
Hydrogenation
Adds hydrogen and converts unsaturated fats to saturated fats, liquids become solid at room temperature, and creates trans fat
40
Steroids Structure and Function
Skeleton bent to form four fused rings
41
Synthetic Anabolic Steroids
Variants of testosterone | Prescribed to treat diseases such as cancer and aids
42
1 gram of carbohydrates stores how many calories
4
43
1 gram of fat stores how many calories
9
44
How many essential and non essential amino acids
9 Essential Amino Acids | 11 Non-Essential Amino Acids
45
Each amino acid consists of a...
central carbon atom bonded to four covalent partners
46
Four partners that amino acids bonds to?
A carboxyl Group An Amino Group A hydrogen group A unique R Group
47
Cells link amino acids together to..
by dehydration reactions forming peptide bonds creating long chains called polypeptides
48
Primary Structure
Unique sequence of amino acids arranged in a long chain
49
Secondary Structure
Affected by pattern of hydrogen bonds between amino acids in a long chain
50
Secondary Structure; Alpha Helix
Hydrogen bonds join the NH group in one peptide bond and the CO group nearby
51
Secondary Structure; Secondary Structure
Joining of the same NH and CO bond but amino acids involved are either on different chains or in segments of same chain that bend bank.
52
Teritary Structure
Dicated by primary and secondary structure folding leading to 3D shape
53
Teritary Structure Interaction Bonds
Ionic bonds between R groups with + and - charges Hydrogen bonds between r groups with + and - charges Disulfide Bonds Hydrophobic Interaction happens
54
Quaternary Structure
Made up of several polypeptide chains that must fit together to form a functional protein .
55
Quaternary Structure Example
Hemoglobin
56
What happens protein shape?
Temperature or pH can cause denaturation of a protein.
57
Enzyme
Protein that acts as a catalysts. Increases rate of reaction, lower energy of activation. React with substrates
58
Inhibitors
Decrease reaction rate
59
Competitive Inhibition
Compounds similar in shape to the Substrate. The inhibitor competes with the substrate by binding to the active site on the enzyme, displacing the substrate
60
pH
Most enzymes work best around pH of 7.
61
Temperature
Increased rate of reaction leads to denaturation
62
Denaturation
Destruction of 3D structure of enzyme. However, there are enzymes that work at very high temperature.
63
Hormone or Endocrine Disrupters
Endocrine Disruptors are similar in shape to estrogen and may interfere with the bodys endorcirine system and produce adverse developmetal, reproductive, neurological, and immune effects in both humans and wildlife.
64
Misfolded proteins are responsible for..
``` Alzheimers Disease Mad Cow Disease Parkinsons Disease Sickle Cell Anemia Cystic Fibrosis ```
65
Nucleic Acids
DNA and RNA
66
DNA and RNA function
Information Storage
67
Gene
Specific stretch of DNA that programs the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide
68
Nucleic acids are..
Polymers made from monomers called nucleotides
69
Nucleotides have three pats
Five carbon sugar Phosphate group Nitrogen Containing Base
70
Nucleid Acid Dehydration Reactions
Link nucleotide monomers into long chain called polynucleotides Form covalent bonds between sugar of one nucleotide and phosphate of the next
71
Double Helix
When two strands (Watson & Crick) of DNA join together to form a double helix
72
A only pairs with ...
T
73
G only pairs with...
C
74
RNA has how many strands?
Single
75
In RNA, Rhymine is replaced by
Uracil
76
Bioinformatics
Uses computer software and other computational tools to deal with the data resulting from sequencing many genomes
77
Genomics
Analyzing large sets of genes or even comparing whole genomes of different species
78
Proteomics
A similar analysis of large sets of proteins including their sequences

BIOL-L 112 Exam 1 (7 decks)

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