Chapter 9

Question 1

First Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 1

Energy cannot be created or destroyed but it can be transformed from one kind to another

Question 2

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 2

One useable form of energy cannot be completely converted to another usable form. In energy transaction, useful energy decreases

Question 3

Autotrophs

Answer 3

Self - Feeders - Producers

Make their own organic matters from inorganic nurtients. Includes plants, algae, certain bacteria

Question 4

Heterotrophs

Answer 4

Other-Feeders-Consmers

Cannot make organic molecules from inorganic one. Eat plants or other animals

Question 5

Waste Products of cellular respiration

Answer 5

CO2 and H20

Question 6

Ingredients for photosynthesis ..

Answer 6

CO2 and H20

Question 7

Equation for Cellular Respiration

Answer 7

Glucose + Oxygen –> CO2 + H20 + ATP

Question 8

Cellular Respiration is Exergonic

Answer 8

where change in free nergy is negative. NET, release of energy. Photosynthesis is Endergonic (Requires energy)

Question 9

Oxidation

Answer 9

The loss of electrons during a redox reaction

Question 10

Reduction

Answer 10

The acceptance of electrons during a redox reaction

Question 11

During cellular respiration

Answer 11

Glucose is oxidized… CO2

Oxygen is reduced.. H2O

Question 12

Electrons from organic compounds are usually first transfered to

Answer 12

NAD+, a coenzyme

Question 13

NADH passes the electrons to the …

Answer 13

electron transport chain

Question 14

Steps of Celular Respiration

Answer 14

Glycolysis
Citric Acid
Oxidative Phosphorylation

Question 15

Glycolysis Simple Definition

Answer 15

Breaks down the glucose into two molecules of pyruvate

Question 16

Citric Acid Simple Definition

Answer 16

Completes the breakdown of glucose

Question 17

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Answer 17

Amounts for the most of the ATP synthesis.

Question 18

Amount Oxidative Phosphorylation accounts for.

Answer 18

Accounts for 90% of ATP generated by cellular respiration

Question 19

Stage 1 Glycolysis

Answer 19

Uses two ATP per glucose to split six-carbon glucose.

Makes four additional ATP directly when enzymes transfer phoshphates group from fuel molecules to ADP

Question 20

Net Production during Glycolysis?

Answer 20

Produces net of two molecules of ATP per glucose molecule

Question 21

Glycolysis is anaerobic or aerobic?

Answer 21

Anaerobic

Question 22

Glycolysis and Hydrogen atoms

Answer 22

Hydrogen atoms picked up by NAD+ –> NADH + H+
2NAD+ –> NADH + 2H+
2NADH –> ETC –> 5 ATP

Question 23

Net gain/glucose for Glycolysis

Answer 23

2 Pyruvates + 2 ATP + 2 NADH

Question 24

Transition Reaction; Pyruvate converted to..

Answer 24

2 Carbon Acetyl Group and 2CO2

Question 25

Activated acetyl group picked up by another coenzyme called..

Answer 25

Coenzyme A and Acetyl-CoA forms

Question 26

Citric acid extracts the energy of sugar by..

Answer 26

breaking the pyruvate molecules all the way down to CO2

Question 27

Cycle oxidizes organic fuel derived from pyruvate generating..

Answer 27

1ATP, 3NADH, and 1 FADH2 per turn

Question 28

For 2 turns of the Citric Acid Cycle, it generates

Answer 28

4 CO2 2 ATP 6 NADH 2 FADH2

Question 29

How is citrate formed and in what stage?

Answer 29

The acetyl group of acetyl CoA joins the cycle by combining with oxaloacetate, occurs during Citric Acid Cycle

Question 30

Summary of Citric Acid Pathway

Answer 30

2 CO2 Released 1 ATP synthesized by SLP 1 Hydrogen --> 3 NADH + FADH ETC --> 2.5 x 3 ATP + 1 x 1.5 ATP via ETC

Question 31

Where is the ETC located?

Answer 31

Located inside of the inner membrane (cristae) of the mitochondria

Question 32

The electrons are passed from one carrier to another and energy is released..

Answer 32

pumping protons into the mitochondria inter membrane space

Question 33

Stage 3 - Electron Transport

Answer 33

Electrons drop in free energy, passed to O2, and form H2O. Proton Pump - Proton Motive force is formed

Question 34

Chemiosmosis

Answer 34

Electron transfer in the electron transport chain causes proteins to pump H+ from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space. h+ then moves back, and ATP synthase uses exergonic flow of H+ to drive phosphorylation of ATP

Question 35

The purpose of Chemiosmosis is

Answer 35

to have the use of energy in a H+ gradient to drive cellular work

Question 36

During cellular respiration, most energy flows in this sequence

Answer 36

Glucose --> NADH --> Electron Transport Chain --> Proton-Motive Force --> ATP

Question 37

1 NADH =

Answer 37

2.5 ATP

Question 38

1 FADH =

Answer 38

1.5 ATP

Question 39

Direct amount from Glyolysis?

Answer 39

2 ATP

Question 40

ETC Amount from Glycolysis

Answer 40

2 NADH = 5 ATP

Question 41

ETC Amount from Pruvate Ox

Answer 41

2 NADH = 5 ATP

Question 42

CAC + ETC Direct Amount

Answer 42

2 ATP

Question 43

CAC + ETC, ETC Amount

Answer 43

6 NADH = 15 ATP | 2 FADH2 = 3 ATP

Question 44

Subtotal Direct ATP

Answer 44

4 ATP

Question 45

Subtotal ETC

Answer 45

28 ATP

Question 46

Grand Total ATP

Answer 46

32 ATP

Question 47

Results of Cellular Respiration?

Answer 47

Cellular Respiration can generate up to 32 molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose

Question 48

What happens when the electron transport is interrupted?

Answer 48

Cyanide binds to protein complexes Prevents passage of electrons to oxygen Stops ATP Production

Question 49

Without Oxygen, how is ATP made?

Answer 49

Glycolysis couples with anaerobic respiration or fermentation to produce ATP

Question 50

Fermentation

Answer 50

Fermentation consists of glycolysis plus reactions that regenerate NAD+, which can be reused by glycolysis

Question 51

Two types of Fermentation?

Answer 51

Alcohol Fermentation | Lactic Acid Fermentation

Question 52

What does Fermentation rely on?

Answer 52

Not having oxygen and Glycolysis

Question 53

Why does Fermentation rely on Glycolysis when there is no oxygen?

Answer 53

Glycolysis does not require oxygen | Produces only 2 ATP molecules for each glucose broken down to pyruvic acid

Question 54

Alcoholic Fermentation

Answer 54

Pyruvate is converted to ethanol in two steps.

Question 55

First Step of Alcoholic Fermentation

Answer 55

First step releases CO2

Question 56

Second step of Alcoholic Fermentation

Answer 56

Second step produces Ethanol

Question 57

How is Lactic Acid Produced?

Answer 57

When microbes break down carbohydrates -- > Lactic Acid

Question 58

How much ATP is produced in Cellular Respiration vs Fermentation?

Answer 58

32 ATP vs 2 ATP

Question 59

Probiotics

Answer 59

Microbes when consumed provide health benefits | Create balance of different types of bacteria in the gut

Question 60

Rennet

Answer 60

Used in coagulation of milk, a complex of enzymes produced in stomach of ruminant mammals which is used in production of most cheeses

Question 61

Chymosin

Answer 61

Is protease enzyme that curdles the casein in milk helping young mammals digest their mother's milk!