Chapter 5 Flashcards
(24 cards)
The phase of childhood, last from age 3 through kindergarten, or about age 5.
Early Childhood
The second phase of childhood, covering the elementary school years, from about age 6-11.
Middle Childhood
Physical abilities that involve large muscle movements, such as running and jumping.
Gross Motor Skills
Physical abilities that involve small, coordinated movements, such as drawings and writing ones name.
Fine Motor Skills
A body mass index at or above the 95th percentile compared to the U.S. norms established for children in the 1970’s.
Childhood Obesity
Piagetion tasks that involve changing the shape of a substance to see whether children can go beyond the way that substance visually appears to understand that the amount is still the same.
Conservation Tasks
In Piaget’s conservation tasks, the concrete operational child’s knowledge that a specific change in the way a given substance looks can be reversed.
Reversibility
In Piaget’s conservation tasks, the preoperational child’s tendency to fix on the most visually striking feature of a substance and not take other dimensions into account.
Centering
In Piaget’s conservation tasks, the concrete operational child’s ability to look at several dimensions of an object of substance.
Decentering
The ability to put objects in order according to some principle, such as size.
Seriation
In Piaget’s theory, the prenatal operational child’s belief that inanimate objects are alive.
Animism
In Piaget’s theory, the preoperational child’s inability to understand that other people have different points if view from their own.
Egocentrism
In Vygotskys theory, the gap between a child’s ability to solve a problem totally on his own and his potential knowledge if taught by a more accomplished person.
Zone of Proximal Development
The process of teaching new skills by entering a child’s zone of proximal development and tailoring ones effort to that persons competence level.
Scaffolding
In information processing theory, the limited-capacity gateway system, containing all the material that we can keep in awareness at a single time. The material is either processed for more permanent storage or lost.
Working Memory
Any frontal-lobe ability that allows us to inhibit our responses and to plan and direct our thinking.
Executive Function
A learning strategy in which people repeat information to embed it in memory.
Rehearsal
The sound units that convey meaning in a given language.
Phoneme
The smallest unit of meaning in a particular language.
Morpheme
The system of grammatical rules in a particular language.
Syntax
The meaning system of a language - that is, what the words stand for.
Semantics
An error in early language development in which young children apply the rules for plurals and part tenses even to exceptions, so irregular forms sound like regular forms.
Overregularization
An error in early language development in which young children apply verbal labels too broadly.
Overextension
Recollections of events and experiences that make up ones life history.
Autobiographical Memories
