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chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

kwashiorkor

A

protein deficiency in childhood leading to symptoms such as lethargy, irritability, thinning hair and swollen body. may be fatal if left untreated (and lack or iron?)

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2
Q

what are 1/4 of children world wide deficient in

A

protein and iron

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3
Q

what is the most common micronutrient deficiency

A

iodine / iron (same thing)

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4
Q

micronutrients

A

dietary ingrediant essential to optimal physical growth

including iron, iodine b12, c, and d

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5
Q

what does lack of iodine do

A

inhibits cognitive development. it results in iq deficiency of 10-15 points

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6
Q

solution to iodine deficiency

A

iodized salt

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7
Q

synaptic density- when does it peak

A

around age 3

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8
Q

process of rendering number of connections between neurons so that they become more efficient

A

synaptic pruning

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9
Q

a device that measures electrical activity of the cerebral cortex, allowing researchers to measure overall activity of the cerebral cortex as well as activation of specific parts

A

electroencephalogram (EEG)

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10
Q

a method of monitoring brain activity in which a person lies inside a machine that uses a magnetic field to record changes in blood flow and oxygen use in the brain in response to different kinds of stimulaion

A

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

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11
Q

the brain has ___ as many neurons as it did at birth at age 2

A

half

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12
Q

what most distinguishes early brain development

A

synaptic density

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13
Q

toddlerhood is when peak synaptic density reaches___

A

frontal lobe

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14
Q

what happens after peak synaptic density

A

synaptic pruning

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15
Q

difference between what the fmri and eeg can record

A

fmri can detect activity in any part of the brain while eegs only detect the cerebral cortex

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16
Q

how do we know that toddlers are more adept at learning language than older kids

A

an increase in brain activity in response to speech

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17
Q

do more or less educated parents teach toilet train their kids later

A

more educated parents

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18
Q

signs that your toddler is ready to toilet train

A

staying dry for an hour or two during the day

regular bowel movements occuring at the same time every day

increased anticipation of the event-expressed through a look or words

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19
Q

weaning

A

cessation of breast feeding

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20
Q

difference between toilet training in developed and traditional cultures

A

in traditional cultures, older siblings and children are usually the guides

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21
Q

when does it become harder to wean? why?

A

it becomes harder the longer breastfeeding continues. toddlers are more socially aware so they can exercise intentional behavior and can protest against weaning

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22
Q

when are the final two stages of sensorimotor development completed

A

in toddlerhood

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23
Q

fifth stage of sensorimotor development

A

tertiary circular reactions

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24
Q

tertiary circular reactions

A

try out different behaviors to see what effects will be

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25
mental representations
piagets final stage of sensorimotor development in which toddlers first think about the range of possibilities and then select the action most likely to achieved the desired outcome
26
deferred imitation
ability to repeat actions at an earlier time
27
a not b error can happen until
4-5, though toddlers start to get better at it
28
examples of defered immitation
pretend play
29
when does differed immatation start
6 weeks of age (ex-facial expressions)
30
deferred imitation is important for..
learning
31
what part of the brain is deferred imitation linked to
hippocampus
32
categorization is the basis of..
language
33
zone of proximal development
difference between skills or tasks that children can accomplish alone and those they are capable of performing if guided by an adult or more competent peer
34
private speech
self-guiding and self directing comments children make to themselves as they learn in the zone of proximal development (vygotsky)
35
scaffolding
degree of assistance provided to the learner in the zone of proximal development, gradually decreasing as the learners skills develop (way experienced people simplify tas to make them easier for children to discover)
36
guided participation
teaching interaction between two people (often adult and child) as they participate in a culturally valued activity ex "playing school"
37
infinite generativity
ability to take the word symbols of a language and combine them in a virtually infinite number of new ways
38
why are we able to make a wider range of sounds
larynx is located lower in the throat, which creates a large sound chamber, the pharynx, above the vocal cords
39
two areas of brain directly involved to language functions
``` wernicke's area (left temporal lobe) broca area (left frontal lobe) ```
40
wernickes area
specialized in language comprehension (left temporal lobe)
41
language acquisition device (LAD)
according to chompsky, innate feature of the brain that enables children to perceive and grasp quickly the gramatical rules in language around them
42
signs of iodine defiency
swollen body and thinning hair
43
from 12-18 months, toddlers lean ___ new words a week
three
44
holophrase
single word that is used to represent a whole sentence ex-"cup" can mean "fill my cup with juice"
45
overextention
use of a single word to represent a variety of related objects ex-applying family dog name to all dogs and fuzzy things
46
underextension
use of a single word to represent a variety of related objects ex-not understanding kitty is what the cat is, not its name
47
fast mapping
learning and remembering a word for an object after just one time of being told what the object is called
48
what is prunning based off of..
environment and experience
49
name explosion or vocabulary spurt
when toddlers learn 5-6 words a week. this can involve fastmapping
50
telegraphic speech
two word phrases that strip away connecting words such as "the" and "and" it shows knowledge of word order
51
overregulation
applying grammatical rules even to words that are exceptions to the rule
52
criticisms of attachment theory
overstating roles of attachment figures and understating roles of kid. ( really,kids effect parents and parents effect kids)
53
read page 213 how things are different in other cultures!
___
54
cofounded
closely related and difficult to separate
55
vygotsky's sociocultural theory of cognitive development vs piaget's theory
vygosky emphasized the cultural bias of cognitive development. he proposed ideas such as scaffolding and zone of proximal development
56
cognitive achievements of toddlerhood in piagets theory
ability for mental representation develops second half of second year and is basis for important aspects of later cognitive functioning object permanence reaches near completion during this period differed immitation and categorization also require mental representation
57
emotional self regulation occurs in four ways during toddlerhood..
behaviors(run to trusted adult) language(talking about feelings) external requirements(not hitting) sociomoral emotions(guilt same and embarassment)
58
what are sociomoral emotions also called
self conscious emotions
59
stage of toddlerhood according to erickson
autonomy vs shame and doubt
60
are terrible twos universal?
no-it depends on culture. westerns value self expression
61
automoty vs shame and doubt
learning to do things independently or becoming doubtful about his or her own abilities
62
sociomoral emotions
emotions evoked based on learned culturally based standards of right and wrong (also called secondary emotions)
63
prosocial behavior
behavior intended to help or benefit others, including kindness, friendliness, and sharing
64
secondary emotions are based off of
their social and culture environment
65
self recognition
ability to recognize ones image in the mirror as ones own self
66
self reflection
ability to think of oneself as one would think about other persons or objects
67
sex vs gender
sex-biological | gender-identity
68
when do children start to develop gender identity
around age 2
69
custom complexes
distinctive cultural patterns of behavior based on cultural belief (ex-childrens toys geared toward different genders)
70
three elements of gender development
evolutionary ethological hormonal
71
evolution based theory of gender
men-survival based on aggressiveness, competition and dominance females-nurturing, cooperative and emotionally responsive to others (more likely to attract males and be more effective at caring for children)
72
ethology
study of animal behavior | gender has similar differences between different species, young ones are also prone to play in same sex groups
73
difference in male and female hormonal balance
men have more androgens (they get a burst of androgens 3rd month of prenatal development) women have more estrogen (hormonal differences influence human behavior)
74
girls who were exposed to high levels of androgens in the womb are...
more likely to show male play behavior
75
When is insecure attachment more likely to develop
When weaning
76
In japan they describe the concept of amae, which is a close, physical indulgent relationship-between mother and child, what kind of attachment does research say this can lead to?
Insecure-resistant attachment
77
when men have more than one wife
polygyny..its prominent in traditional cultures
78
types of play
solitary parallel simple social cooperative pretend play
79
parallel play
take part in same activity without acknowledgement
80
simple social play
talk to each other, smile, receive toys
81
signs of autism
lack of interest in social relations abnormal language development repetitive behavior
82
what is recommended tv intake for toddlers?
under 2-no tv at all | 2 years old- shouldn't watch more than 2 hours/day
83
displacement effect
in media research, term for how media use occupies time that may have been spent on other activities

developmental (8 decks)

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