chapter 7 Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
do most kids get an hour of exercise a day?
A
nope-the majority don’t
2
Q
fine and gross motor skills in late childhood
A
fine starts to develop at adult level
gross continues to develop
3
Q
when does malnutrition lead to problems?
A
problems last a long time if it occurs before age 3
4
Q
rise in asthema
A
due to house air quality, hygiene hypothesis, cooking and air pollution
5
Q
intrinsic motivation
A
motivated by own values and achievements
6
Q
extrinsic motivation
A
external factors motivating you
7
Q
phonics vs whole-language approach
A
8
Q
experiment sampling method
A
wear a recording device (dont know if it will be on or off)
9
Q
Cognitive structures pertaining to common cultural activities
A
Cultural models
10
Q
Myopia
A
Being nearsighted (this usually starts to happen in middle childhood)
11
Q
What happens during middle childhood that makes reaction time for gross and fine motor control?
A
Increased myelination in the corpus callosum
12
Q
SES and sports
A
With lower ses they may have lower access to sports
13
Q
Nutrition in early years effects on middle childhood
A
Kids who had high nutrition were more likely to explore new environments and persist frustrating situations.
Also more energetic, less anxious and showed positive emotions
14
Q
Malnutrition after the age of three____
A
Does NOT appear to result in permanent cognitive or behavioral defects
15
Q
World BMI
A
Has risen sharply over recent decades
Ore obease and overweight kids
16
Q
Age group of children with lowest BMI
A
6-10 years old
17
Q
How is kids BMI determined. What is BMI for over weight and obese kids
A
It’s relative to age group
Overweight-more than 85th
Obesity-higher than 95th
18
Q
Why are rates of overweight/obesity rising in developed countries
A
Diets are becoming more like developed countries
19
Q
Overweight
A
In children-BMI higher than 85th percentile for age
20
Q
Obesity
A
In children higher than 95th percentile for age
21
Q
Children who watched at lease ___ hours of tv a day gained ___ more body fat over course of study than those who watched less than 1 1/2 hours
A
Three hours
40 percent more body fat
22
Q
Kids who watch most tv
A
Latinos and African Americans - this is why they tend to be more overweight
23
Q
Genetics and obesity. What is the gene
A
Only provide risk. It’s not definite
Gene FTO increases risk
24
Q
Risks for asthma
A
Boys have higher risk Low birth weight Parents who smoke Poverty Obesity
25
Hygiene hypothesis
Standards of cleanliness and sanitation expose children to fewer illnesses in early years which strengthens their immune system
26
Most common injuries in middle childhood
Car accidents
Bike accidents
Kids are less likely to get hurt at this age because they can anticipate dangerous events
27
American American vs white families and asthma
Black families more likely to change environment (mattress cover, pillow case, no carpet, smoke and pet avoidance) than white fams
28
Concrete operations
In Piaget’s theory, it’s a cognitive stage in which children become capable of using mental operations
(Ex-not believing in Santa)
29
Seriation
Ability to arrange things in logical order such as shortest to longest, thickest to thinnest or lightest to darkest
30
Why is conservation a milestone for ages 6-7
Enables child to perceive regularities and principles around the natural world
31
Classification and middle childhood
Ex more girls or more children. Able to show that there’s more children
32
transitive infrence
the ability to detect an unspoken relationship between two facts
ex-if julia is taller than anna, and anna is taller than lynn, is julia taller than lynn?
33
acquiring an understanding of concrete operations depends on..
exposure to similar task and materials
ex-westerner performed better on standard test of concrete operations whereas mayan children were better at concrete operations task that involved materials used in weaving
34
why does information processing improve in middle childhood
myelination in brain especially in corpus callosum
35
selective attention
ability to focus on relative information and disregard whats irrelevant
younger kids have worse memory for specific information but better with irrelevant memory because of destraction
36
mnemonics
memory strategies such as rehearsal, organization and elaboration
37
rehersal
mnemonic that involves repeating the same information over and over
38
metamemory
understanding how the memory works
39
when is a kid classified as disabled
iq under 70
40
why is organizational memory effective
each category serves as a retrieval cue
41
elaboration
mnemonic that involves transforming bits of information in a way that connects them and makes it easy to remember
ex-every good boy deserves fudge
42
knowledge base and memory
the more you know about a topic, the easier it is to memorize and recall information related to what you know
43
intelligence
capacity for acquiring knowledge, reasoning and solving problems
44
iq is calculated based on
how performance is relative based to people of same age
45
median
distribution of data, the score is precisely in the middle. half is above and half is below
46
normal distribution
typical distribution of characteristics of a population
resembles a bell curve in which most cases fall in the middle
proportions decrease at high and low extremes
47
gifted
iq test when person scores 130 or higher
48
flynn effect
steep rise in median iq score in western countries during the 20th century.
due to better prenatal care, smaller families, tv, preschool and decline of disease
49
reaction range
range of possible developmental paths
healthy stimulated children reach top of reaction range while poor environment children do not
50
the higher the countries disease burden....
the lower the countries median iq
51
theory of multiple inteligences
gardner's theory that there are eight different kinds of intelligences
52
what are the multiple initeligences
```
linguistic
musical
logical/mathmatical
body-kinesthetic
interpersonal (others)
intrapersonal (self)
naturalistist
```
53
triarchic theory of inteligences
analytical
creative
practical
54
pragmatics
social context and conventions of language
55
why arent jokes multicultural
you need to know culture of language in order to understand their pragmatics
56
most common second language
english. this is because the us is the most influential country in the world
57
benefits and disadvantages of bilingualism at this age
advantage-participate in global economy and easier to learn-BETTER METALINGUISTIC SKILLS-score better on cognitive ability as well
disavantage-at early ages, they can apply grammer rules from one language and apply it to the other
58
metalanguage skills
the understanding of language, skills that reflect awareness of the underlying structure of language
59
difference between US schools and asian schools
asian schools view doing well as a moral responsibility whereas the us believes performance is based on ability
asian schools tend to wear uniforms and focus on collective. school year is also longer
60
how are schools funded in the us
based on local property taxes rather than national government
schools in poor areas have less resources
61
ways to teach children how to read
phonics approach
| whole language approach
62
phonics approach
breaking down words into sounds then putting them into words
63
whole language approach
when teaching reading, emphasis is on meaning of written language rather than breaking it into small components
64
numeracy
understanding of the meaning of numbers
65
identification of learning disabilities happen when
there is a mismatch of whats expected and their performance
66
IEP (individual education plan)
plan developed by teacher with a parent to help a child with special needs adjust to school setting
67
(LRE) least restrictive environment
requirement that students with disabilities must have the opportunity to be educated with nondisabled peers to the extent possible
68
mainstreamed
teaching kids with disabilities in normal class
69
inclusion
educational practice where children with special needs learn in mainstream classroom with nondisabled children
70
experience sampling method
having people wear beepers usually for a period of on week\\record a variety of characteristics theyre feeling in the moment
71
ambivalence
experiencing two contradictory states of emotion at once
72
self concept in middle childhood
gets more complex over time
73
western vs asian self esteem view
westerners value it more and asians believe it is problematic
high self esteem can threaten group by pursuing individual desires
74
what is a strong factor of self esteem in middle childhood
appearance and capabilities
75
self concept vs self esteem
self concept-perception and evaluation
| esteem-sense of worth and well being
76
why do kids in asia have low self esteem but still get good grades
its expected that they will be punished if they have high self esteem
in western cultures, praise is expected so those who have more critical parents than others can suffer low self esteem
77
gender and traits
kids are socialized to have certain traits depending on gender in all cultures. it is consistent throughout the world
78
first step towards romantic relations in middle childhood
"border work" it clarifies gender boundaries
79
coregulation
relationship between parents and child where parents provide broad guidelines for behavior but children are capable of a substantial amount of independent self directed behavior
80
rate of sibling conflict in middle childhood
once every 20 minutes. usually has to do with material possessions
81
single motherhood is most prominent in
the us. especially with black women
82
family process
quality of the relationships between family members
83
divorce is problematic when... (and seems to effect__ most)
the family has high conflict. it tends to effect boys most for the first year
84
age and divorce
early childhood kids are more likely to blame themselves
85
coercive cycle
pattern in children's disobedient behavior provides harsh response from parents, which make children more resistant to parental control, which evokes harsher responses
86
mothers after devorse
usually become less warm, consistent and more punitive because of built up responsibilities and stresses
can in turn make a coercive cycle
87
divorce mediation
arrangement in which a professional mediator meets with divorcing parents to help them negotiate an agreement both will find acceptable
88
blended famlies
step parent has family of own.. this can lead to even more behavioral and emotional issues. especially in girls
89
actions stepfather can take to make family more functional
be warm and loving instead of trying to discipline
90
selective association
people tend to prefer being around others who are like themselves
91
main reason for ending a friendship
breaking of trust. breaking a promise or not being there when needed
92
social status
the degree of power, authority and influence each person has on the group
93
rejected children
often disliked by peers. mainly for being aggressive but sometimes for being shy and withdrawn
boys are more likely to be rejected
94
neglected children
rarely mentioned as liked or disliked. other children have trouble remembering who they are
girls are more likely to be neglected
95
controversial children
liked by some disliked by others
aggressive at times but friendly to others
96
what determines child's social status
being friendly, helpful, cooperative and considerate
the only reason why there are nerds and geeks is not because of intelligence, but lack of social skills. intelligence usually enhances popularity in middleschool
97
social information processing (sip)
in social encounters, evaluations of others intentions, motivations and behaviors
rejected children usually lack in this area and see peers as being aggressive
98
why do rejected children have problems later on
they have a harder time developing social skills
99
gender biases and teachers
how teachers treat kids influences traits they develop
100
Changes in play in early childhood
Get more complex. They may elaborate rules about the powers and limitations of dolls instead of just playing with it
Competition and mastering info/complex rules
Card games and board games
Collecting objects
(All about organizing and planning)
