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Chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

From ages 3-6 the typical child grows____

A

2-3 inches

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2
Q

Physical differences between wealthier children and poor children

A

Because wealthy children have more access to nutritional food, they tend to be taller and weigh more

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3
Q

When do baby teeth get replaced? How many baby teeth do they have and how many adult teeth?

A

They get replaced around age 6. They have 20 baby teeth that will be replaced by 32 adult teeth

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4
Q

Why do 40% of children get a cavity by age 5?

A

Inconsistent dental care and diets high in sugars and starches

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5
Q

What line of cerebral cortex grows fastest

A

Frontal lobes

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6
Q

What does growth in cerebral cortex look like from ages 3-15

A

It occurs in spurts followed by periods of vigorous synaptic pruning

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7
Q

What is increase of brain weight and size due to?

A

Dendritic connections and axon myelination

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8
Q

Increase in myelination in corpus callosum does what

A

Enhances speed of functioning throughout the cerebral cortex

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9
Q

What area of the brain has a significant increase in myelination in early childhood?

A

Cerebellum

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10
Q

Reticular formation

A

Part of brain involved with attention. Myelination is completed by ages of 5.

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11
Q

When is myelination in the hippocampus completed?

A

Age 5

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12
Q

Infantile amnesia

A

Inability to remember anything before age 2

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13
Q

Appetites in early childhood

A

Vary from day to day

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14
Q

Most common nutrient deficiency in the US

A

Calcium (foods with beans, peas, broccoli, and dart products)

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15
Q

problems with children’s diet in america

A

too much sugar carbs and fat. not enough nutrients. calcium deficiencies common

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16
Q

in developing countries, which diseases are most prominent

A

phenomia, melariaa, measles

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17
Q

why has childhood mortality declined?

A

better food sources going to developing countries and childhood vaccines

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18
Q

age for minor illnesses, why are they good?

A

7-10, it helps build immune system

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19
Q

in developed countries..most injuries and deaths are caused from..

A

motor vehicle accidents

other common ones are drowning, falls, fire and choking

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20
Q

handedness

A

preference for using the left or right hand in gross and fine motor activities (experience in uterus may be linked to handedness)

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21
Q

preoperational stage

A

ages 2-7 which child becomes capable of representing the world symbolically (ex-through language) but is still limited in ability to use mental operations

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22
Q

conservation

A

mental ability to understand that the quantity of a substance or material remains the same even if its appearances change

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23
Q

centration

A

pigets term for young children thinking as being centered or focused on one noticeable aspect of cognitive problem to the exclusion of other important aspects (neglect to notice change in width for pouring water into glass)

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24
Q

static reasoning

A

the assumption held by young children that things in the world are only one way and do not change (hearing someone call mom by her name)

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25
irreversibility
lack of ability to reverse an action mentally (not seeing that amount of water is the same)
26
egocentrism
not being able to see things from others point of view
27
animism
aspect of egocentricism. tend to attribute human thoughts and feelings to inanimate objects or forces (thunder is angry and moon is following them)
28
classification
ability to understand that objects can be part of more than one cognitive group (ex-an object can be classified with red objects as with round objects)
29
executive function
mental processes and control over them, including working memory, controlling ones attention, cognitive flexibility, and self regulation
30
two parts of executive function
orienting system (controls other brain networks such as sensory system) executive attention system (resolves competing actions in tasks where there is conflict and a choice must be made.
31
when does executive function get better (brain wise)
when orienting system and executive attention system get better connected to other parts of the brain
32
theory of mind
ability to understand thinking process in ones self and others
33
what becomes basis of pretend play
theory of mind (understanding someone can be pretending as well)
34
study that shows theory of mind/false belief task
sallyann hiding ball (at age three, they believe it is in the new place, at age 4, they understand that they will look for it where they last saw it)
35
what relates to preoperational stage
theory of mind
36
diverse desires
understand people want and like different things
37
diverse belief
understand that people hold different beliefs and both opinions might be true
38
hidden emotions
people may choose to hide emotions by presenting different facial expression (ex- a boy who doesnt want to be called cry baby)
39
seeing leads to knowing example
a child sees a toy in a chest and judges weather someone who hasn't seen inside closed container knows whats in it
40
five kinds of theory of mind task
``` diverse desires diverse believes hidden emotions seeing leads to knowing false belief task ```
41
who will have issues with theory of mind task
children with autism
42
vygotsky's theory of learning takes a ____ approach
social and cultural
43
cultural learning takes place via...
direct participation
44
cultural learning in developed countries
focus on valued skills like reading, using list and tools for organization, planning, counting sums of money. also away from parents more because their economy has intellectually demanding tasks
45
cultural learning in developing countries
with families more. tas are more revolved around child care, tending animals and food preparation
46
social benefits of preschool
higher verbal skills stronger memory stronger listening comprehension
47
downside of preschool
kids tend to be more aggressive and disruptive but not all studies support this
48
who benefits most from preschool?
children from low income families
49
early intervention program
program directed at young children who are at risk for later problems from developing
50
sensitive period
in the course of development, a period when the capacity for learning in a specific area is especially pronounced
51
kids from asia tend to learn __ first and kids from western countries tend to learn __
verbs nouns
52
pragmatics
social and cultural context of language that guides people as to what is appropriate to say and not to say in a social situation
53
undercontrol
trait of having inadequate emotional self-regulation
54
externalizing problems
problems that involve others, such as aggression
55
overcontrol
trait of having excessive emotional self-regulation
56
internalizing problems
problems that entail turning distress inward, such as depression and anxiety
57
major developmental task during early childhood
emotional regulation
58
effort control
children focuses their attention on managing emotions
59
children who have under control are more at risk of...
externalizing problems
60
in initiative vs guilt, how should children learn emotional control
they cant be so tightly regulated that they feel excess guilt and their abilities to initiate activities is undermined.
61
how do children learn morality
taught explicity (ten commandments) through stories CUSTOM COMPLEXES modeling (when behavior gets rewarded from other)
62
gender consistency
understanding that maleness and femaleness are biological and cannot chage
63
gender schema
gender based cognitive structure for organizing and processing information, comprising expectations for males and females appearance and bahavior
64
self socialization
process by which people seek to maintain consistency between their gender schemas and their behavior
65
who plays a big part in gender socialization
fathers and peers
66
how does gender schema shape our view of occurrences?
we tend to notice things that fit into our schema and dismiss things that dont
67
practices that parents exhibit in relation to their children
parenting style
68
degree to which parents set down rules and expectations for children and require their children to comply with them
demandingness (control)
69
degree to which parents are sensitive to their children's needs and express love, warmth, and concern for them
responsiveness (warmth)
70
authoritative parenting
high in demandingness and high in responsiveness they explain reasons for rules and expectations. they engage in discussion with children over discipline. sometimes leads to negotiation and compromise
71
authoritarian parenting
high in demandingness but low in responsiveness no verbal give or take punish disobedience without compromise (my way or the highway)
72
permissive parenting
low in demandingness and high in responsiveness | friendly and wanting to be friends with child. thins discipline can be damaging
73
disengaged parenting
low in demandingness and responsiveness
74
authoritative parenting leads to
self confidence, optimism, self regulation, independendent, socially skilled
75
children with authoritarian parenting leads to..
less self assured, less socially adept, | boys are often aggressive and unruly while girls are anxious and unhappy
76
children with permissive parenting..
can lack self control and have difficulty getting along with peers and teachers
77
children with disengaged parenting..
have higher risk of behavioral problems
78
reciprocal or bidirectional effects
in relations between two persons. each of them effect each other
79
filial piety
children should respect, obey, and revere their parents throughout life (common in asian cultures)
80
types of agression
instrumental agression hostile agression relational agression
81
instrumental agression
child wants something and uses aggressive behavior or words to get it
82
hostile aggression
entails signs of anger and intent ti inflict pain or harm on others
83
how can instrumental and hostile aggression be expressed
physical or verbal aggression
84
what age is most vulnerable to agressive tv
3-6
85
educational tv promotes..
prosocial behavior and children who tend to watch it have higher scores in school
86
infantile amnesia is due to...
lack of awareness of self lack of language in development
87
childhood obesity is highest among..
latinos
88
at what stage can kids represent the world symbolically
preoperational stage
89
criticisms of piaget
underestimates cognitive abilities and culturally biased
90
theory of mind in different cultures
western-individual asian-others (siblings may help develop this)
91
kindergarten helps with..
emotional control/emotional readiness.

developmental (8 decks)

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