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Wood Identification > CHAPTER 5 and 6 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 5 and 6 Flashcards

1
Q

the first clearly visible layer of the cell wall and is located between the plasma membrane and the middle lamella or, in some cells, between the secondary wall and the middle lamella.

A

Primary Cell Wall

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2
Q

It is responsible for the initial shape and size of the plant cell, and determines its subsequent changes in shape and size.

A

Primary Cell Wall

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3
Q

this, plant cells create channels that cross the cell walls and allow direct communication between adjacent cytoplasms. These channels are called

A

Plasmodesta

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4
Q

Plasmodesmata can appear concentrated in certain areas of the cell wall
forming what are called

A

Primary pore fields

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5
Q

the main substance in the walls of plant cells, helping plants to remain stiff and upright

A

Cellulose

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6
Q

matrix substance of the cell wall composed of two types of sugar molecules:
xylans and glucomannans

A

Hemicellulose

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7
Q

made of intractable material which acts as the cementing substance of wood

A

Lignin

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8
Q

They are typically concentrated in the heartwood and are often produced by
the standing tree as defensive compounds to environmental stresses

A

Extractives

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9
Q

Type of extractives that is insoluble in water, synthesized by epithelial cells that protect plants and wood against pathogens. and produced mainly in conifers

A

Terpenes

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10
Q

A vast group of naturally occurring
compounds with medicinal potencies referred to as isoprenoids

A

Terpenoids

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11
Q

also known as non-aromatic compounds that serve as a source of energy for
the wood cells and can act as surfactants
limiting fungal adhesion on wood
surface abundant in cuticle of plants

A

Aliphatic compounds

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12
Q

found in the bark and heartwood that serve the purpose of protecting lignocellulose from fungal and microbial attack and can be washed out as “resin” from live trees

A

Aromatic Phenolic compounds

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13
Q

FOUR (4) CLASSIFICATIONS OF AROMATIC PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS

A

LIGNANS
STILBENES
FLAVONOIDS
TANNINS

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14
Q

found in the knots of soft wood trees, mainly in the form of hydroxymatairesinol and often more significant in the nodes of branches subject to mechanical stresses and loads due to environmental conditions.

A

Lignan

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15
Q

Occurs naturally in all plant families and serves as protection against ultraviolet radiation, pathogens, and herbivores

A

Flavonoids

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16
Q

protect heartwood against fungal
colonization by a dual function:
fungicidal activity and being
excellent free radical scavengers
(antioxidants)

A

Flavonoids

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17
Q

has antioxidant properties, antifungals, and pharmacological and therapeutic uses and is isolated from certain fruits such as grapes are widely used in cosmetology and other drugs

A

Stilbenes

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18
Q

found commonly in the bark of trees,
wood, leaves, buds, stems, fruits,
seeds, roots, and plant galls and act as protection from infection against bacteria and fungi

A

Tannins

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19
Q

source of nitrogen necessary for the development of the plant and protective agents against ultraviolet radiation

A

Alkaloids

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20
Q

perennials that create stiff structures above ground

A

woody plants

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21
Q

“backbone”
for support

A

wood

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22
Q

“skin” for
protection

A

bark

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23
Q

only part of
the trunk that is alive

A

cambial layer

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24
Q

transports water
and mineral salts from roots

A

xylem

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25
Q

transports sucrose and amino acids between the leaves and other parts of the plant

A

phloem

26
Q

an aggregate of untold number of small
units called cells.

A

wood

27
Q

Wood cells are separated by an intercellular substance called the

A

middle lamella

28
Q

the living part of the cell, which comprises of different cellular organelles. It is a jelly-
like, colorless, transparent and viscous living substances present within the cell wall

A

protoplasm

29
Q

The substance present between the cell
membrane and the nucleus. Contains cell organelles like Golgi bodies, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, ribosomes, but no
nucleus. Jelly-like fluid containing water, proteins and metabolic wastes.

A

cytoplasm

30
Q

made up of microfibrils
that are dispersed in a
loose, irregular interwoven
pattern

A

primary wall

31
Q

intercellular material extending
between the cell walls of
adjacent wood cells

A

True middle lamella

32
Q

refers to the true middle
lamella and the primary cell
walls of two adjacent wood
cells

A

compound middle lamella

33
Q

the thickest layer in the 2ndary cell wall consist of dense network of lamellae aligned nearly parallel to each other

A

S2 Layer

34
Q

the warty layer

A

S3 Layer

35
Q

non-structural constituents of wood composed of low molecular weight organic compounds that composed only 10% in trees but are diverse. Can be extracted in wood through solvents (e.g.
acetone)

A

extractives

36
Q

Most wood extractives are _______ and only a little part is water-soluble

A

lipopholic

37
Q

3 MAIN GROUP OF EXTRACTIVES

A

Aliphatic compounds
Terpenes
Phenolic compounds

38
Q

primitive element of xylem (fluid-conducting tissues)

A

Tracheids

39
Q

consisting of a single elongated cell with pointed ends and a secondary, cellulosic wall thickened with lignin (a chemical binding substance) containing numerous pits but having no perforations in the primary cell wall

A

Tracheids

40
Q

typically composed of living cells that are thin-walled, unspecialized in structure, and therefore adaptable, with differentiation, to various functions

A

parenchyma

41
Q

are actively involved in photosynthesis, secretion, food storage, and other activities of plant life one of the three main types of ground, or fundamental, tissue in
plants

A

Parenchyma

42
Q

Types of Parenchyma

A

Longitudinal Parenchyma
Radial (Ray) Parenchyma
Epithelial Cells

43
Q

Orientation: parallel to the
long axis of the stem
Function: food storage

A

Longitudinal parenchyma

44
Q

Orientation: perpendicular to the long axis of the stem
Seriation, uniseriate – present in all softwoods species multiseriate (with horizontal resin canal) – present only in softwoods with resin canals
Function: food storage, (water transport in radial direction)

A

Radial parenchyma

45
Q

formed by parenchyma cells only

A

homocellular ray

46
Q

formed by parenchyma cells (RP) and ray tracheids (RT)

A

heterocelullar ray

47
Q

form the the periphery of a structure
called a resin canal (RC) AND excrete resin into the RC

A

Epithelial Cells

48
Q

Intercellular spaces or cavities
surrounded by parenchyma cells

A

rESIN CANAL

49
Q

Orientation: Parallel or perpendicular
to the long axis of the stem
Occurrence
- only in all species of 4 genus of Pinaceae
family:

A

Resin canals

50
Q

may be formed in
wounded trees that don’t
have normal resin
canals

A

Traumatic resin canals

51
Q

purposes of these ducts is to protect and seal up a wound by
exuding resin to cover the damaged area of the tree

A

Resin canals

52
Q

technically not individual cells, but are actually open, tube-like
spaces bordered by special cells that have the ability to secrete pitch or
resin into the neighboring opening

A

Resin canals

53
Q

group of non-structural components in woods that consists of both hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds

A

CRYSTALLIFEROUS WOOD ELEMENTS

54
Q

consists of terpenes and terpenoids
protects the tree from microbic attack
exclusive for softwood and tropical
hardwoods with resin canals

A

Oleoresin

55
Q

dominated by monoterpenoids and
diterpenoids (resin acids)

 all built up by different amounts of
isoprene-units (C5H8)

A

oleoresin

56
Q

Volatile components in softwood oleoresin, built up to two Isoprene units
 Gives wood the characteristic odor
 Can be divided into acylic, monocyclic, bicyclic and tricyclic

A

Monoterpenoids

57
Q

One of the most important group of extractives in softwood

A

Diterpenoids

58
Q

There are more than 2500 types
 Occurs in small amounts in tropical wood species

A

Sesquiterpenoids

59
Q

mixtures of several related
carboxylic acids, primarily
abietic acid, found in tree resins
are tacky, yellowish
gums that are water-insoluble.
 They are used to produce soaps for
diverse applications

A

Resin acids

60
Q

extremely plastic—the cells
can extend and thus adjust to
increased growth of the organ

A

Collenchyma

61
Q

greatly elongated cells whose long, tapering ends interlock, thus providing
maximum support to a plant. They often
occur in bundles or strands and can be found almost anywhere in the plant body,

A

fiber

62
Q
A

Wood Identification (8 decks)

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