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Introduction to Psychology > Chapter 5: Conciousness > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Conciousness Flashcards

1
Q

Activation-synthesis hypothesis

A
  • Dreams arise from brain activity originating from bursts of excitatory messages from the pons
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2
Q

Chronotype

A

The tendency to prefer to sleep earlier or later in given 24 hour period

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3
Q

Circadian Rhythms

A

Internally driven daily cycles of approx 24 hours affecting psychological and behavioral processes

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4
Q

Consciousness

A

A person’s subjective awareness, including thoughts, perceptions, experiences of the world, and self-awareness

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5
Q

Endogenous Rhythms

A

Biological rhythms that are generated by our body independent of external cues such as light

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6
Q

Entrainment

A

When biological rhythms become synchronized to external cues such as light, temperature, or even a clock

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7
Q

Insomnia

A

A disorder characterized by an extreme lack of sleep

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8
Q

Latent Content

A

the actual symbolic meaning of a dream built on suppressed sexual or aggressive urges

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9
Q

Jet Lag

A

The discomfort a person feels when sleep cycles are out of synchronization with the light and darkness

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10
Q

Manifest Content

A

The images and story lines that we dream about

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11
Q

Narcolepsy

A

A disorder in which a person experiences extreme daytime sleepiness and even sleep attacks

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12
Q

Night Terrors

A

Intense bouts of panic and arousal that awakens the individual, typically in a heightened emotional state

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13
Q

Nightmares

A

Particularly vivid and disturbing dreams that occur during REM sleep

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14
Q

Polysomnography

A

A set of objective measurements used to examine physiological variables during sleep

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15
Q

Preserve and protect hypothesis

A

Suggests that two adaptive functions of sleep are preserving energy and protecting the organism from harm

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16
Q

Problem-solving theory

A

The theory that thoughts and concerns are continuous from waking to sleeping, and that dreams may function to facilitate finding solutions to problems encountered while awake

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17
Q

REM behaviour disorder

A

A condition that does not show the typical restriction of movement during REM sleep; in fact, they appear to be acting out the content of their dream

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18
Q

REM Sleep

A

A stage of sleep that characterized by quickening brain waves, inhibited body movement, and rapid eye movements

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19
Q

Restore and repair hypothesis

A

The idea that the body needs to restore energy levels and repair any wear and tear experienced during the day’s activities

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20
Q

Sleep Apnea

A

A disorder characterized by the temporary inability to breathe during sleep

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21
Q

Sleep deprivation

A

Occurs when an individual cannot or does not sleep

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22
Q

Sleep displacement

A

Occurs when an individual is prevented from sleeping at the normal time although they may be able to sleep earlier or later in the day than usual

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23
Q

Somnambulism

A

or sleepwalking, a disorder that involves wandering and performing other activities while asleep

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24
Q

How does the sleep cycle work?

A
  • stages from 1-4 then back down again and is followed by a REM stage.
  • first sleep cycle lasts approx 90 mins
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25
Q

What stage is the longest in the first half of sleep?

A
  • Deep sleep (stages 3 & 4) is the longest during the first half of the sleep cycle whereas REM phases increase the duration of the second half of the sleep cycle
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26
Q

What are the theories of why we sleep?

A
  • restore and repair hypothesis

- preserve and protect hypothesis

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27
Q

Explain the restore and repair hypothesis

A

We sleep so the body can recover from stress and strain on the body that occurs during the day
- Waste products are more efficiently removed from the brain during this time

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28
Q

Explain the preserve and product

A

Sleep has evolved as a way to reduce activity and provide protection from potential threats, and reduce the amount of energy intake required

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29
Q

What was Freud’s theory about why we dream?

A
  • believed that the manifest content of dreams could be used to uncover symbolic, latent content
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30
Q

What is the activation-synthesis theory?

A
  • eliminates the meaning of dream content
  • suggests that dreams are interpretations of haphazard electrical activity in the sleeping brain that are then organized to some degree by the cortex
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31
Q

Brain Death

A

A condition in which the brain, specifically including the brain stem, no longer function

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32
Q

Coma

A

A state marked by a complete loss of consciousness

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33
Q

Default mode network

A

A network of brain regions, that is most active when an individual is awake but not responding to external stimuli

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34
Q

Dissociation theory

A

Explains hypnosis as a unique state in which consciousness is divided into two parts: lower-level system involved with the perception and movement and an “executive” system that evaluates and monitors these behaviours

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35
Q

Hypnosis

A

A procedure or inducing a heightened state of suggestibility

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36
Q

Locked-in syndrome

A

When the patient is aware and awake but, because of an inability to move his or her body, appears unconscious

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37
Q

Mind-wandering

A

An unintentional redirection of attention from one’s current task to an unrelated train of thought

38
Q

Minimally conscious state (MCS)

A

State of consciousness is marked by the ability to show some behaviours that suggest that at least partial consciousness, even if on an inconsistent basis

39
Q

Persistent vegetative state

A

State of minimal to no consciousness in which the patient’s eyes may be open, and the individual will develop sleep-wake cycles without clear signs of consciousness

40
Q

Social-cognitive theory

A

Explains hypnosis by emphasizing the degree to which beliefs and expectations contribute to increased suggestibility

41
Q

What are the competing theories of hypnosis

A
  • dissociation theory

- social cognitive theory

42
Q

Can hypnosis potentially work to temporarily increase physical strength?

A

False

43
Q

Can hypnosis potentially work to help someone stop smoking?

A

True

44
Q

Can hypnosis potentially work to remembering all of the precise details of a crime?

A

False

45
Q

Can hypnosis potentially work to recover from a traumatic memory

A

False

46
Q

Can hypnosis potentially work to help someone relax?

A

True

47
Q

Can hypnosis potentially work to reduce pain sensation?

A

True

48
Q

Analyze the effectiveness of using neuroimaging to study mind-wandering

A
  • neuroimaging show that default mode network & the frontopartietal network are more active when someone is mind wandering
  • brain imaging studies are correlational in nature. These networks co-occurs with the mind-wandering but we cannot say for certain if this activity causes mind-wandering
49
Q

Analyze the ability of researchers to detect consciousness in brain damage

A
  • using neuroimaging can detect the conscious awareness in some patients who are in a vegetative state, minimally conscious state, and locked in syndrome
50
Q

Ecstasy (MDMA)

A

A drug that is typically classified as a stimulant, but also has hallucinogenic effects

51
Q

Hallucinations

A

Alterations in perception, such that a person hears, sees, smells, feels, or tastes something that does not exist, except in the person’s mind.

52
Q

Hallucination drugs

A

Substances that produce perceptual distortions

53
Q

Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)

A

A laboratory-made (synthetic) drug that triggers unusual sensory

54
Q

Marijuana

A

A drug comprising the leaves and buds of the Cannabis plant that produces a combination of hallucinogenic, stimulant, and relaxing effects

55
Q

Opiates

A

Drugs such as heroin and morphine that reduce pain and induces extremely intense feelings of euphoria

56
Q

Physical Dependence

A

The need to take a drug to ward off unpleasant physical withdrawal symptoms

57
Q

Psychedelics

A

Substances that produce perceptual distortions

58
Q

Psychoactive drugs

A

Substances that affect thinking, behaviour, perception, and emotion

59
Q

Psychological Dependence

A

Occurs when emotional need for a drug develops without any underlying physical dependence

60
Q

Salvia Divinorum

A

A herb that grows in Central and South America. When smoked or chewed, salvia induces highly intense but short lived hallucinations

61
Q

Sedative Drugs

A

Sometimes known as “drowners,” depress the activity of the central nervous system

62
Q

Stimulants

A

A category of drugs that speed up the nervous system, typically enhancing wakefulness and alertness

63
Q

Tolerance

A

When repeated use of drug results in a need for a higher dose to get the intended effect

64
Q

Understand drug tolerance

A
  • tolerance is a physiological process in which repeated exposure to a drug leads to a need for increasingly larger doses to experience affects
65
Q

Understand drug dependence

A
  • Physical dependence occurs when the user takes a drug to avoid withdrawal symptoms
  • Psychological dependence occurs when people feel addicted to a drug despite the absence of physical withdrawal symptoms (often related to emotional reasons for using drugs)
66
Q

What is the difference between spiritual and recreational drug use?

A
  • the difference, such as in the case of salvia divinorum and ayahuasca, is dependent upon cultural factors, the setting in which the drug is being used, and the expectations of the user
67
Q

What are the long-term effects of drug use?

A
  • tolerance, physical dependence, and psychological dependence
  • can change the structure of the brain, leading to permanent deficits in a number of cognitive and physical abilities
68
Q

What are the psychological effects of stimulants: caffeine, cocaine, amphetamine, ecstasy

A
  • Euphoria
  • increased energy
  • lowered inhibitions
69
Q

What are the chemical effects of stimulants: caffeine, cocaine, amphetamine, ecstasy

A
  • Increase dopamine
  • serotonin
  • norepinephrine activity
70
Q

What is the tolerance levels of stimulants: caffeine, cocaine, amphetamine, ecstasy

A

develops quickly

71
Q

What is the likelihood of dependence on stimulants: caffeine, cocaine, amphetamine, ecstasy

A

high

72
Q

What are the psychological effects of hallucinogens: LSD, psilocybin, DMT, ketamine

A
  • major distortion of sensory and perceptual experiences

- fear, panic and paranoia

73
Q

What are the chemical effects of hallucinogens: LSD, psilocybin, DMT, ketamine

A
  • increase serotonin activity

- blocks glutamate receptors

74
Q

What are the tolerance levels of hallucinogens: LSD, psilocybin, DMT, ketamine

A
  • develops slowly
75
Q

What is the likelihood of dependence on hallucinogens: LSD, psilocybin, DMT, ketamine

A

very low

76
Q

What are the psychological effects of opiates: heroin

A

Intense euphoria and pain relief

77
Q

What are the chemical effects of opiates: heroin

A

Stimulate endorphin receptors

78
Q

What is the tolerance levels of opiates: heroin

A

Develops quickly

79
Q

What is the likelihood of dependence on opiates: heroin

A

very high

80
Q

What are the psychological effects of sedatives: barbiturates, benzodiazepines

A

Drowsiness, relaxation, sleep

81
Q

What are the chemical effects of sedatives: barbiturates, benzodiazepines

A

Increase GABA activity

82
Q

What are the tolerance levels of sedatives: barbiturates, benzodiazepines

A

develops quickly

83
Q

What is the likelihood of dependence on sedatives: barbiturates, benzodiazepines

A

high

84
Q

What are the psychological effects of alcohol

A

Euphoria, relaxation, lowered inhibitions

85
Q

What are the chemical effects of alcohol

A

Primary facilitates GABA activity; also stimulates endorphin and dopamine receptors

86
Q

What are the tolerance levels of alcohol

A

develops gradually

87
Q

What is the likelihood dependence of alcohol

A

Moderate to high

88
Q

Psychological effects of marijuana

A

Euphoria, relaxation, distorted sensory experiences, paranoia

89
Q

Chemical effects of marijuana

A

Stimulates cannabinoid receptors

90
Q

Tolerance levels of marijuana

A

Develops slow

91
Q

Likelihood of dependence on marijuana

A

low

Introduction to Psychology (5 decks)

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