Chapter 6

Question 1

Acquisition

Answer 1

The initial phase of learning in which a response is established

Question 2

Classical Conditioning

Answer 2

A form of associative learning in which an organism learns to associate a neutral stimulus (a sound), with a biologically relevant stimulus (food) which results in a change in the response to the previously neutral stimulus (salivation)

Question 3

Conditioned emotional responses

Answer 3

Consist of emotional and physiological responses that develop to a specific object or situation

Question 4

conditioned response

Answer 4

the learned response that later elicits a conditioned response because it has a history of being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Question 5

conditioned stimulus

Answer 5

a once neutral stimulus that later elicits a conditioned response because it has a history of being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Question 6

condition taste aversion

Answer 6

acquired dislike or disgust for a food or drink because it was paired with illness

Question 7

Discrimination (Pavlovian)

Answer 7

Pavlovian-occurs when an organism learns to respond to one original conditioned stimulus but not to new stimuli that may be similar to the original stimulus but not to the new stimuli that may be similar to the original stimulus

Question 8

Extinction (Pavlovian)

Answer 8

In classical conditioning , the loss or weakening of a conditioned response when a conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus no longer occur together

Question 9

generalization (Pavlovian)

Answer 9

Pavlovian processes in which a response that originally occurred for a specific stimulus also occurs for a different, though similar stimuli

Question 10

Latent inhibition

Answer 10

Occurs when frequent experience with a stimulus before it is paired with a US makes it less likely that conditioning will occur after a single episode of illness

Question 11

Preparedness

Answer 11

the biological predisposition to rapidly learn a response to a particular class of stimuli

Question 12

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 12

The recurrence of a previously extinguished conditioned response, typically after some time has passed since extinction

Question 13

unconditioned response

Answer 13

A reflexive, unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus

Question 14

unconditioned stimulus

Answer 14

a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response without learning

Question 15

Applied behaviour analysis

Answer 15

Using close observation, prompting, and reinforcement to teach behaviours, often to people who experience difficulties and challenges owing to a developmental condition such as autism

Question 16

avoidance learning

Answer 16

a specific type of negative reinforcement that removes the possibility that a stimulus will occur

Question 17

chaining

Answer 17

involves linking together two or more shaped behaviours into a more complex action or sequence of actions

Question 18

continuous reinforcement

Answer 18

every response made results in reinforcement

Question 19

cohort effect

Answer 19

differences between people that result from being born in different time periods

Question 20

discrimination (operant)

Answer 20

occurs when an organism learns to respond to one original discriminative stimulus but not to new stimuli that may be similar to the original stimulus

Question 21

Escape learning

Answer 21

occurs if a response removes a stimulus that is already present

Question 22

extinction (operant)

Answer 22

in operant conditioning, the weakening of an operant response when reinforcement is no longer available

Question 23

fixed-interval schedule

Answer 23

reinforces the first response occurring after a set amount of time passes

Question 24

fixed-ratio schedule

Answer 24

reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been completed

Question 25

generalization (operant)

Answer 25

takes place when an operant response occurs in response to a new stimulus that is similar to the stimulus present during original learning

Question 26

law of effect

Answer 26

the idea that responses followed by satisfaction will occur again in the same situation whereas those that are not followed by satisfaction become less likely

Question 27

negative punishment

Answer 27

occurs when a behaviour decreases because it removes or diminishes a particular

Question 28

negative reinforcement

Answer 28

involves the strengthening of a behaviour because it removes a stimulus

Question 29

operant conditioning

Answer 29

a type of of learning in which behavior is influenced by consequences

Question 30

partial (intermittent) reinforcement

Answer 30

only a certain number of responses are rewarded, or a certain amount of time must pass before reinforcement is available

Question 31

partial reinforcement effect

Answer 31

a phenomenon in which organisms that have been conditioned under partial reinforcement resist extinction longer that those conditioned under continuous reinforcement

Question 32

positive punishment

Answer 32

a process in which a behaviour decreases in frequency because it was followed by a particular, usually unpleasant, stimulus

Question 33

imitation

Answer 33

recreating someone else’s motor behaviour or expression, often to accomplish a specific goal

Question 34

latent learning

Answer 34

Learning that is not immediately expressed by a response until organism is reinforced for doing so

Question 35

observational learning

Answer 35

Involves changes in behaviour and knowledge that results from watching others

Question 36

How responses are learned through classical conditioning can be acquired and lost?

Answer 36

• Acquisition of a conditioned response occurs with repeated pairings of the CS and the US.
• Once a response is acquired, it can be extinguished if the CS and the US no longer occur together.
• during extinction, the CR diminishes, although it may reappear under some circumstances.

Question 37

Understand the biological factors in classical conditioning

Answer 37

• conditioned responses such as salivating to food and freezing in response to threats prepare organisms to interact with and US, which is biologically relevant and may either enhance it jeopardize the survival
• Responses to biologically relevant stimuli, such as snakes, can be more easily conditioned than responses to stimuli like flowers or guns.

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