Chapter 5 - Consciousness

Question 1

activation-synthesis hypothesis

Answer 1

suggests that dreams arise from brain activity originating from bursts of excitatory messages from the pons, a part of the brainstem

Question 2

brain death

Answer 2

a condition in which the brain, specifically including the brainstem, no longer functions

Question 3

chronotype

Answer 3

a tendency to prefer sleeping earlier or later in a given 24-hour period

Question 4

circadian rhythms

Answer 4

internally driven daily cycles of approx. 24 hours affecting physiological and behavioural processes

Question 5

coma

Answer 5

a state marked by complete loss of consciousness

Question 6

consciousness

Answer 6

a person’s subjective awareness, including thoughts, perceptions, experiences of the world, and self-awareness

Question 7

default mode network

Answer 7

network of brain regions incl:
* medial prefrontal cortex
* posterior cingulate gyrus
* medial and lateral regions of the parietal lobe
that is most active when an individual is awake but not responding to external stimuli

Question 8

dissociation theory

Answer 8

explains hypnosis as a unique state in which consciousness is divided into two parts:
* lower-level system involved w/ perception & movement
* executive system that evaluates & monitors these behaviours

Question 9

ecstasy

Answer 9

(MDMA) a drug that is typically classified as a stimulant, but also has hallucinogenic effects

Question 10

endogenous rhythms

Answer 10

biological rhythms generated by our body independent of external cues such as light

Question 11

entrainment

Answer 11

when biological rhythms become synchronized to external cues such as light, temperature, or even a clock

Question 12

hallucinogenic drugs

Answer 12

substances that produce *perceptual distortions

Question 13

hypnosis

Answer 13

a procedure of inducing a heightened *state of suggestibility

Question 14

insomnia

Answer 14

a disorder characterized by an extreme lack of sleep

Question 15

jet lag

Answer 15

the discomfort a person feels when **sleep cycles are out of sync with light & darkness

Question 16

latent content

Answer 16

the actual symbolic meaning of a dream built on supressed sexual or aggressive urges

Question 17

locked-in syndrome

Answer 17

a disorder in which the patient is aware an awake but, because of an inability to move his or her body, appears unconscious

Question 18

lysergic acid diethylamide

Answer 18

(LSD) a laboratory-made (synthetic) drug that triggers unusual sensory experiences

Question 19

manifest content

Answer 19

the images and storylines that we dream about

Question 20

marijuana

Answer 20

a drug comprising the leaves and buds of the Cannabis plant that produces a combination of hallucinogenic, stimulant, and relaxing (narcotic) effects

Question 21

mind-wandering

Answer 21

an inuntentional redirection of attention from one’s current task to an *unrelated train of thought

Question 22

minimally conscious state

Answer 22

(MCS) a disordered state of consciouness marked by the ability to show some behaviours that suggest at least partial consciousness, even if on an inconscistent basis

Question 23

narcolepsy

Answer 23

a disorder in which a person experiences extreme daytime sleepiness and even sleep attacks

Question 24

nightmares

Answer 24

particularly vivid and disturbing dreams that occur during REM sleep

Question 25

night terrors

Answer 25

intense bouts of panic and arousal that awaken the individual, typically in a heightened emotional state

Question 26

opiates

Answer 26

(aka narcotics) drugs such as heroin and morphine that reduce pain and induce extremenly intense feelings of euphoria

Question 27

persistent vegetative state

Answer 27

state of minimal to no consciousness in which the patient's eyes may be open, and the individual will develop ***sleep-wake cycles** without clear signs of consciousness*

Question 28

physical dependence

Answer 28

the need to take a drug to ward off unpleasant physical withdrawal symptoms

Question 29

polysomnography

Answer 29

a set of objective measurements used to *examine physiological variables during sleep*

Question 30

preserve and protect hypothesis

Answer 30

suggests that two adaptive functions of sleep are * preserving energy and * protecting the organism from harm

Question 31

problem-solving theory

Answer 31

the theory that thoughts and concerns are continuous from waking to sleeping, and that dreams may function to facilitate finding solutions to problems encountered while awake

Question 32

psychedelics

Answer 32

substances that produce perceptual distortions

Question 33

psychoactive drugs

Answer 33

substances that affect *thinking, behaviour, perception, and emotion

Question 34

psychological dependence

Answer 34

occurs when emotional need for a drug develops without any underlying physical dependence

Question 35

REM behaviour disorder

Answer 35

a condition that does not show the typical restriction of movement during REM sleep; in fact, they appear to be acting out the content of their dreams

Question 36

REM sleep

Answer 36

a stage of sleep characterized by *quickening brain waves*, inhibited body movement, and rapid eye movements (REM)

Question 37

restore and repair hypothesis

Answer 37

the idea that the body needs to restore energy levels and repair any wear and tear experienced during the day's activities

Question 38

salvia divinorum

Answer 38

an herb that grows in Central and South America. When smoked or chewed, salvia induces *highly intense but short-lived hallucinations

Question 39

sedative drugs

Answer 39

sometimes referred to as "downers," **depress activity of the CNS** (central nervous system)

Question 40

sleep apnea

Answer 40

a disorder characterized by the temporary inability to breathe during sleep

Question 41

sleep deprivation

Answer 41

occurs when an individual cannot or does not sleep

Question 42

sleep displacement

Answer 42

occurs when an individual is prevented from sleeping at the normal time although he or she may be able to sleep earlier or later in the day than usual

Question 43

social-cognitive theory

Answer 43

explains hypnosis by emphasizing the degree to which beliefs and expectation contribute to increased suggestibility

Question 44

somnambulism

Answer 44

(aka sleepwalking) a disorder that involves wandering and performing other activities while asleep

Question 45

stimulants

Answer 45

a category of drugs that that speed up the nervous system, typically enhancing wakefulness and alertness

Question 46

tolerance

Answer 46

when repeated use of a drug results in a need for a higher dose to get the intended effect