Chapter 6 - Learning Flashcards
acquisition
the initial phase of learning in which a response is established
applied behaviour analysis
involves using close observation, prompting, and reinforcement to teach behaviours, often to people who experience difficulties and challenges owing to a developmental condition such as autism
avoidance learning
a specific type of negative reinforcement that removes the possibility that a stimulus will occur (eg. not eating a food after it caused an allergic reaction multiple times)
chaining
involves linking together two or more shaped behaviours into a more complex action or sequence of actions
classical conditioning
a form of associative learning in which an organism learns to associate a neutral stimulus (eg. a sound) with a **biologically relevant stimulus **(eg. food), which results in a change in the response to the previously neutral stimulus
conditioned emotional responses
consist of emotional and physiological responses that develop to a specific object or situation
conditioned response
(CR) the learned response that occurs to the conditioned stimulus
conditioned stimulus
(CS) a once-neutral stimulus that later elicits a conditioned response because it has a history of being **paired ** with an unconditioned stimulus
conditioned taste aversion
acquired dislike or disgust for a food or drink because it was paired with illness
continuous reinforcement
every response made results in reinforcement
discrimination
1 - Pavlovian: occurs when an organism learns to respond to one orginial conditioned stimulus but not to new stimuli that may be similar to the original stimulus
2 - Operant: occurs when an organism learns to respond to one original discriminative stimulus but not to new stimuli that may be similar to the original stimulus
3 - Behaviour that disfavours or disadvantages members of a certain social group in some way
discriminative stimulus
a cue or event that indicates that a response, if made, will be reinforced
(eg.child asking for candy @ grandma’s house)
escape learning
occurs if a response removes a stimulus that is already present (eg. leaving a noisy room to avoid sound)
extinction
1 - In classical conditioning: the loss or weakening of a conditioned response when a conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus no longer occur together
2 - In operant conditioning: the weakening of an operant response when reinforcement is no longer available
fixed-interval schedule
reinforces the first response occurring after a set amount of time passes
fixed-ratio schedule
reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been completed
generalization
takes place when an operant response occurs in a response to a new stimulus that is similar to the stimulus present during original learning
imitation
recreating someone else’s motor behaviour or expression, often to accomplish a specific goal
latent inhibition
occurs when a frequent experience with a stimulus before it is paired with a US makes it less likely that conditioning will occur after a single episode of illness
latent learning
learning that is not immediately expressed by a response until the organism is reinforced for doing so
law of effect
idea that responses followed by satisfacion will occur again in the same situation whereas those that are not followed by satisfaction become less likely
learning
a process by which behaviour or knowledge changes as a result of experience
negative reinforcement
involves the strengthening of a behaviour because it removes or diminishes a stimulus
observational learning
involves changes in behaviour and knowledge that result from watching others
