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PSYC105 > Chapter 7 - Memory > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Memory

A

A collection of several systems that store information in different forms for differing amounts of time

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2
Q

Stores

A

retain information in memory without using it for any specific purpose

3 stores: STM, LTM, and sensory memory

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3
Q

Control processes

A

shift information from one memory store to another

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4
Q

Long Term Memory (LTM)

A

hold info for extended periods of time - if not permanently

has no known capacity limitations (unlike STM)

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5
Q

Theories on organization of info in LTM

A

1 - semantic categories
2 - sounds of the word & how it looks

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6
Q

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

A

when you are able to retrieve similar sounding words or words that start with the same letter but can’t quite retrieve the word you actually want -> nearby items/nodes in neural network are activated

relates to sound of word/how it looks way of organization LTM

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7
Q

retrieval

A

the process of accessing memorized information and returning it to short-term memory

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8
Q

serial position effect

A

in general, most people will recall the first few items from a list and the last few items, but only an item or two from the middle

Ebbinghaus

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9
Q

Primacy effect

A

The fact that the first few items of a list remembered relatively easily

In serial position effect

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10
Q

Recency effect

A

Fact that the last few items of a list are also remembered well

Serial position effect

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11
Q

proactive interference

A

a process in which the first information learned (e.g. in a list of words) occupies memory, leaving fewer resources left to remember the newer information

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12
Q

retroactive interference

A

the most recently learned information overshadows some older memories that have not yet made it into long-term memory

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13
Q

Talmi FMRI expirement on brain regions responsible for diff forms of memory

A
  • Hippocampus (formation of LTM) active for info early in the Serial Position Curve
  • Brain areas associated with sensory information more active for items at the end of the serial position curve

Hypothesis: 2 different neural systems that work simultaneously to produce serial position curve

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14
Q

Working memory

A

a model of short-term remembering that includes a combination of memory components that can temporarily store small amounts of information for a short period of time

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15
Q

central executive

A

control centre: decides which of the working-memory stores is most important at any given moment

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16
Q

phonological loop

A

a storage component of working memory that relies on rehearsal and that stores information as sounds, or an auditory code

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17
Q

word-length effect

A

shows that people remember more one-syllable words in a short-term memory task

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18
Q

visuospatial sketchpad

A

a storage of working memory that maintains visual images and spatial layouts in a visuospatial code

chunking: feature binding: combining visual features into single unit

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19
Q

episodic buffer

A

a storage component of working memory that combines images and sounds from the other two components into coherent, story-like episodes

Seems to hold 10 pieces of info

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20
Q

central executive

A

control centre of the working memory; coordinates attention and the exchange of information among the three storage components

eg. seeing an alphabet - phonological, but if unfamiliar sounds, visosp.

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21
Q

declarative (explicit) memories

A

memories that we are consciously aware of and that can be verbalized, incl. facts ab/ the world and our own personal experiences

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22
Q

nondeclarative (implicit) memories

A

incl. actions and behaviours that you can remember and perform w/o awareness

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23
Q

episodic memories

A

declarative memories for personal experiences that seem to be organized around “episodes” and are recalled from a first-person perspective

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24
Q

semantic memories

A

declarative memories that include facts about the world

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25
procedural memory
learned patterns of muscle movements (motor memory)
26
Long-term potentiation
demonstrates that there is an enduring increase in *connectivity and transmission* of **neural signals**
27
consolidation
the process of converting short-term memories into long-term memories in the brain | use it or lose it hippocampus contributes to future memory consolidation
28
amnesia
a profound loss of at least one form of memory
29
anterograde amnesia
the inability to form new memories of events occuring after a brain injury
30
storage
refers to the time & manner in/wh info. is retained *between encoding and retrieval* | stored memories can be updated regularly (e.g. reminded of a past event)
31
reconsolidaition
in/wh the hippocampus functions to update, strengthen, or modify existing long-term memories
32
cross-cortical storage
**Long-term declarative memories** are distributed throughout the cortex of the brain (rather than being localized in one region)
33
retrograde amnesia
condition in/wh memory for the events preceding trauma or injury is lost
34
maintenance rehearsal
prolonging exposure to information by repeating it
35
elaborative rehearsal
prolonging exposure to information by thinking about its meaning
36
LOP (levels of processing) framework
Understanding that our ability to recall information is most directly related to **how that information was initially processed**
37
shallow processing | LOP framework
involves encoding more superficial properties of a stimulus, such as the sound or spelling of a word
38
deep processing
**encoding** information about an item's *meaning or its function*
39
self-reference effect
occurs when you think about information in terms of how it relates/how useful it is to you -> will lead to better remembering
40
recognition
involves IDing a stimulus or piece of information when it is presented to you | eg multiple choice Qs
41
recall
retrieving information when asked, but without that information being present during the retrieval process | eg short answer Qs
42
encoding specificity principle | Tulvig & Thompson 1973
states that retrieval is most effective when the **conditions at the time of encoding and retrieval** are the same
43
context-dependent memory
idea that retrieval is more effective when it takes place in the same physical setting as encoding | shows that elements of setting can serve as retrieval cues
44
state-dependent memory
retrieval is more effective when your internal state matches the state you were in during encoding | eg. annebriated guy
45
mood-dependent memory
people remember better if their mood at retrieval matches their mood during encoding
46
weapon focus
the tendency to focus on a weapon at the expense of peripheral information, including the identity of the person holding the weapon | focus on emotional content of a scene: forms the centre field of vision
47
bio. on emotional memories
amgdala --> alters activity of temporal-lobe areas that send input to the hippocampus
48
flashbulb memory
an extremely vivid and detailed memory about an events and the conditions surrounding how one learned about the event | recollections of location, what was happening around, emotional reaction ## Footnote not neccisarily more accurate than regular memories
49
the forgetting curve
most forgetting occurs right away and that rate of forgetting eventually slows to the point where one does not seem to forget at all
50
mnemonic
a technique intended to improve memory for specific information
51
method of loci
menomic that connects words to be remembered to locations along a familiar path
52
acronyms
pronounceable words whose letters represent the initials of an important phrase or set of items | ROY G BIV
53
first-letter technique
uses the first letters of a set of items to spell out words that form a sentence | Every Good Boy Deserves Fudge
54
Dual coding
occurs when information is stored in more than one form | eg sight and sound -> advantage: twice as much info is stored
55
desirable difficulties
techniques that make studying slower and more effortful, but result in better overall remembering
56
testing effect
the finding that taking practice tests can improve exam performance, even without additional studying
57
schema
organized cluster of memories that constitute a person's knowledge or beliefs about events, objects, and ideas | familiar e/o: schemas affect our expectations, what we notice & remember ## Footnote eg paragraph ab/ doing laundry: with context, it is easier to remember (activated laundry schema) however, schemas can also cause us to fill in memory gaps with info that is not entirely accurate products of culture & experience
58
constructive memory
a process by which we first **recall a generalized schema** and then add in *specific details* | when memory fails, we often mistakenly recall events acc. to our schemas
59
infantile amnesia
phenomenon that you do not have any personal or autobiographical memories from before your third birthday
60
false memory
remembering events that did not occur, or incorrectly recalling details of an event
61
misinformation effect
when information occurring after an event becomes part of the memory for that event
62
imagination inflation
the increased confidence in a false memory of an event following *repeated imagination* of the event
63
guided imagery
a technique used by some clinicians (& police investigators) to help people recover details of events that they are unable to remember
64
DRM procedure | Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm
participants study a list of highly related words called semantic associates --> word that would be most obvious (critical lure) is missing from the list ## Footnote when participants remember critical lure, it is called an intrusion -> false memory sneaking into an existing memory
65
recovered memory
memory of a traumatic event that is suddenly recovered after blocking the memory of that event for a long period of time
66
recovered memory controversy
a heated debate among psychologists about the validity of recovered memories

PSYC105 (4 decks)

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