Chapter 5-Disorders

Question 1

historical persepective on abnormal behaviour

Answer 1

result of supernatural forces
-treatment=trephination (hole in the skull)

Question 2

what is abnormal behaviour

Answer 2

behaviour that is personally distressing, dysfunctional, and culturally deviant
-innapropriate or maladaptive

Question 3

vulnerability-stress model/diathesis-stress model

Answer 3

everyone has a vulnerability for a disorder, given sufficient stress

Question 4

DSM-5

Answer 4

-diagnostic classification system
-detailed behaviour must be present for diagnosis

Question 5

comorbidity

Answer 5

overlap in psych disorders

Question 6

P-factor

Answer 6

measure of psychopathy in all types of disorders
-associated with more life impairment (higher P value=worse symptoms and vise versa)

Question 7

cultural context

Answer 7

how we tend to diagnose people

Question 8

internalizing disorder vs externalizing disorder

Answer 8

internalizing-characterized by negative emotions
externalizing-high impulse and out of control

Question 9

emotional symptoms of anxiety

Answer 9

feelings of tension, apprehension (fear something bad will happen)

Question 10

cognitive symptoms of anxiety

Answer 10

worrying, thoughts about inability to cope (anxiety about anxiety)

Question 11

physiologicial symptoms of anxiety

Answer 11

increased heart rate, muscle tension, other autonomic arousal symptoms
-continously arousing nervous system

Question 12

behavioural symptoms of anxiety

Answer 12

affects daily life
-avoidance of feared situations
-decreased task performance
-increased startle response

Question 13

generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

Answer 13

constantly anxious about everything
-a lot of apprehension
-always alert and ready for something to be wrong

Question 14

phobic disorder

Answer 14

strong, exaggerated fear to a specific thing
-irrational fear that they feel hopeless and make a lot of effort to avoid
-can’t get rid of on ur own
-comorbididty with anxiety

Question 15

cognitive and behavioural components of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

Answer 15

cognitive-repeated, unwanted, and obsessive thoughts that are intrustive and can’t get rid of
behavioural-compulisive and repetitive behaviours in an attempt to reduce anxiety

Question 16

casual factors in anxiety:
biological factors:
-_______
-low levels of _______ and serotonin

Differences in sex or gender
-________exhibit more anxiety

Possible explanations: sex-linked biological disposition

Evolutionary factors

Psychological factors:
-psychoanalytic explanations
-cognitive explanations: _____thoughts and beliefs

Answer 16

genetics; GABA; females; maladaptive

Question 17

anorexia nervosa

Answer 17

-intense fear or being fat
-severely restrict food intake

Question 18

bulimia nervosa

Answer 18

binge and purge

Question 19

personality factors for anorexics and bulimcs

Answer 19

anorexics-high achievement standards
bulimic-depressed, anxious

Question 20

emotional symptoms of depression

Answer 20

sadness, hopelessness, anxiety, misery, inability to enjoy things, loneliness

Question 21

cognitive symptoms of depression

Answer 21

negative thoughts about self, world and future, low self esteem

Question 22

motivational symptoms of depression

Answer 22

loss of interest for things, lack of drive, difficult starting anything

Question 23

somatic symptoms of depression

Answer 23

loss of appetite, lack of energy, sleep difficulties, weight loss/gain

Question 24

manic state

Answer 24

euphoric mood
-hyperative/no sleep
-rapid speech

Question 25

Bipolar I disorder

Answer 25

extreme manic episodes + some depressive episodes

Question 26

bipolar II disorder

Answer 26

mildly elevated moods (hypomania) +depression episodes

Question 27

casual factors in depression

Answer 27

-genetics -underactivity of norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin

Question 28

casual factors in bipolar disorder

Answer 28

-stronger genetic component -overproduction of norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin

Question 29

depressive cognitive triad

Answer 29

negative thoughts concerning -the world, oneself, and the future -cannot be suppressed

Question 30

hypochondriasis (illness anxiety disorder)

Answer 30

think that a physical symptom means more than it actually is

Question 31

functional neurological symptom disorder

Answer 31

feel loss of sensation, blindness -glove anesthesia

Question 32

schizophrenia type I

Answer 32

positive symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, and disordered speech

Question 33

schizohphrenia type II

Answer 33

negative symptoms such as lack of emotion and expression

Question 34

schizophrenia symptoms

Answer 34

-delusions -hallucinations -disorganized behaviour (language) -lack of apthathy, emotion, and movement

Question 35

schizophrenia bio factors

Answer 35

-genetics -brain-enlarged ventricles, atrophy (loss of neurons in different parts of the brain) -dopamine hypothesis-overactivity of dopamine system

Question 36

environmental factors in schizophrenia

Answer 36

-high stress events -family dynamics -high expressed emotion

Question 37

social causation hypothesis

Answer 37

higher levels of stress among low income

Question 38

social drift hypothesis

Answer 38

as personal and occupational functioning deteriorates=drift down socio-economic ladder

Question 39

dissociative amnesia

Answer 39

selective memory loss following trauma

Question 40

dissociative fugue

Answer 40

loss of all personal identity after very stressful event that goes on for hours to years -create a new life and wake up not remembering old life before event

Question 41

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

Answer 41

2 or more separate personalities called alters that are unique from one another -caused by severe traumatic experience in early childhood

Question 42

personality disorders

Answer 42

exhibit stable, ingrained, inflexible, and maladaptive ways of thinking, feeling and behaving

Question 43

antisocial personality disorder

Answer 43

-lack of conscience, concern -little anxiety and guilt -highly manipulative, -disregards laws and rules -developed in childhood

Question 44

factors in antisocial personality disorder

Answer 44

* Biological factors * Genetic predisposition * Dysfunction in brain structures * MRI - prefrontal cortex * Psychological and environmental factors * Psychodynamic view * Lack of a superego * Learning explanations * No conditioned fear responses when punished * Exposure to deviant peers

Question 45

borderline personality disorder (BPD)

Answer 45

-instability in behaviour, emotion, and identity -emotional dysregulation -intense and unstable personal relationships -impulsive behaviours

Question 46

factors for BPD

Answer 46

* Chaotic personal histories * Treated malevolently * First memories are negative * Caregivers – abusive, rejecting, non-affirming * Biological factors