Chapter 8-Personality

Question 1

what is personality?

Answer 1

enduring ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that characterize a person’s response to situations

Question 2

behaviours attributed to personality

Answer 2

-components of identity
-perceived internal cause
-percieved organization and structure

Question 3

Freud’s psychoanalytic theory

Answer 3

he believed that the unconscious part of the mind exerts a lot of influence on our behaviour

Question 4

psychic energy

Answer 4

what Freud believes powers the mind and pushes for either direct or indirect releases

Question 5

mental events in our mind are:

Answer 5

conscious,preconscious, and unconscious

Question 6

Id structure of personality

Answer 6

innermost core of personality and has no direct contact with reality
-cannot satisfy directly
-pleasure principle=seeks immediate gratification

Question 7

ego structure of personality

Answer 7

-reality principle-tests reality when id can discharge its impulses
-delay gratification

Question 8

superego structure of personality

Answer 8

morals
-internalized ideals
-block gratification

Question 9

conscious

Answer 9

awareness of current environment

Question 10

preconscious

Answer 10

aware but can’t be recalled;availible to awareness

Question 11

unconscious

Answer 11

the wishes/impulses that we’re unaware of

Question 12

defense mechanisms ______ reality and operate ______

Answer 12

distort;unconsciously

Question 13

displacement

Answer 13

when acceptable or dangerous impulse is repressed then redirected to another target

Question 14

repression

Answer 14

ego uses energy to stop thoughts coming into consciousness

Question 15

sublimation

Answer 15

where different and negative drives are channeld into acceptable behaviours

Question 16

regression

Answer 16

retreats into infantile stage of life when overwhelmed

Question 17

denial

Answer 17

refusal to believe

Question 18

projection

Answer 18

impulse is attributed to other people
-see/project your bad qualities in other people

Question 19

pyschosexual development

Answer 19

personality developed through a series of childhood stages in which pleasure seeking energies from the child became focused on certain erogenous areas.

Question 20

oral stage
age:
erogenous zone:
key task:

Answer 20

age:0-2
erogenous zone: mouth
key task: derive pleasure from oral activities, weaning (go from breast milk to other fluids/foods)

Question 21

anal stage
age:
erogenous zone:
key task:

Answer 21

age: 2-3
erogenous zone: anus
key task: toilet training

Question 22

phallic stage
age:
erogenous zone:
key task:

Answer 22

age: 4-6
erogenous zone: genitals
key task: boys are more attached to thier mother while girls are more attatched to their father; resolve oedipus complex

Question 23

latency stage
age:
erogenous zone:
key task:

Answer 23

age: 7-puberty
erogenous zone: none
key task: develop social relationships with others

Question 24

genital stage
age:
erogenous zone:
key task:

Answer 24

age: beyond pubery
erogenous zone: genitals
key task: develop mature social and sexual partners

Question 25

neoanalytic approach

Answer 25

The neo-Freudians were psychologists whose work followed from Freud's. They generally agreed with Freud that childhood experiences matter, but they decreased the emphasis on sex as a source of energy and conflict while focusing more on the social environment and effects of culture on personality. -Alder was motivated by social interest and strived for superiority

Question 26

humanistic approach

Answer 26

humanists embrace and emphasize the good of the human -reaching self actualization, our best version of ourselves=abraham maslow

Question 27

George Kelly's personal constuct theory

Answer 27

believed that the primary goal of our lives is to make sense out of the world by finding personal meaning in the world -how people construct their reality

Question 28

personal constructs

Answer 28

cognitive categories which sort the people and events in their lives -basis for individual differences

Question 29

Carl Rogers Self Theory

Answer 29

believed that behaviour is a response to our immediate conscious experience of self and the environment -the forces that direct our behaviours are within us -idea of self concept -an increased level of congruence is needed between the self-worth, real self, and ideal self.

Question 30

self concept

Answer 30

organized, consistent set of perceptions and beliefs about yourself -consistency and congruence with our self perceptions -guide perceptions then direct behaviours

Question 31

anything that is going to interrupt our self concept in terms of self-congruence is going to cause _____

Answer 31

anxiety

Question 32

high self esteem

Answer 32

fewer interpersonal problems and higher achievement

Question 33

poor self esteem

Answer 33

anxiety, depression, poor achievement, and relationships

Question 34

need for positive regard

Answer 34

need for acceptance, sympathy, and love -experience bring understood and valued gives freedom to grow -lack of creates condtions of worth

Question 35

conditions of worth

Answer 35

dictates when we approve or disapprove of ourselves

Question 36

self-verification

Answer 36

motivated to confirm to self concept and seek out self-confirming relationships -people want others to see them how they see themselves

Question 37

self enchancement

Answer 37

tendency to preserve positive self image and maintain self esteem

Question 38

factor analysis

Answer 38

each dimension of personality trait reflects a continuum of behaviour

Question 39

Eysenck's extraversion stability model

Answer 39

has 3 dimensions that are independent of each other -extraversion/introversion -neuroticism (instability)/stability -psychoticism/ socialized (self control)

Question 40

the five factor model

Answer 40

OCEAN openness, contscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

Question 41

evidence for biological perspective

Answer 41

-extraversion and introversion have different arousal patterns in our brains -neuroticism also has large shifts in arousal -differences in dopamin and serotonin

Question 42

Julian Rotter social cognitive theory -behaviour is governed by _____ and ______ -reciprocal determinism=_________

Answer 42

behaviour is governed by expectancy and reinforcement -personality represents an interaction of the individual with his or her environment. behaviour and environment all influence each other

Question 43

locus of control

Answer 43

an idividual's sense of the underlying principal causes of occurrences in his or her life; can be internal or external

Question 44

human agency

Answer 44

humans are active agents in their own lives and that we're not at the mercy of our environments

Question 45

factors of human agency

Answer 45

intentionality, forethought, self-reactiveness, self-reflectiveness

Question 46

self-efficacy

Answer 46

person's beliefs concerning ability to perform bheaviours needed to achieve outcomes

Question 47

what influences self-efficacy

Answer 47

past performance experiences, observational learning, verbal persuasion, emotional arousal

Question 48

interviews

Answer 48

structured set of questions -note behaviours such as appearance and speech patterns

Question 49

behavioural assessment

Answer 49

studies frequency of behaviours, specific situations

Question 50

personality scales

Answer 50

use standard questions and agreed upon scoring key

Question 51

projective tests

Answer 51

interpretation of image=projection of inner workings -inkblots and thematic apperception test

Question 52

thematic apperception test

Answer 52

ambiguous illustrations and asked to tell a story -themes that may relfect something about someone's personality

Question 53

who uses what tools? psychodynamic= humanistic= social-cognitive= biological= trait theorists=

Answer 53

psychodynamic=projective tests humanistic=self report measures social-cognitive=behavioural assessments biological=physiological measurements trait theorists=inventories