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Anatomy 1 > Chapter 5: Epithelial And Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Epithelial And Connective Tissue Flashcards

(103 cards)

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1
Q

What is the definition of tissue?

A

A group of similar cells that work together to carry out a function

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2
Q

What are the 4 primary types of tissue?

A

Epithelial, connective, muscular, and nerve tissue

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3
Q

What is the characteristic that makes epithelial tissue cells unique?

A

Cellularity: packed together tightly with little to no intercellular material between them

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4
Q

Epithelial tissue is (blank) meaning blood vessels cannot pass between them

A

Avascular

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5
Q

How do epithelial tissues get blood supply?

A

Osmosis/diffiusion

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6
Q

Epithelial cells can be in these 2 arrangements

A

Sheet-like or clumps

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7
Q

What are sheet like epithelial tissues referred to as?

A

Covering and lining epithelia

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8
Q

What are lumens?

A

Internal spaces within organs

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9
Q

Where are covering and lining epithelia located?

A

Covering body and organ surfaces

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10
Q

Clumps of epithelial cells form what?

A

Glandular epithelia

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11
Q

Glandular epithelia form what?

A

Glands that secrete various products

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12
Q

What are the two major types of glands?

A

Exocrine and endocrine

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13
Q

What do exocrine glands do?

A

Secrete nonhormonal products into body cavities and onto organ surfaces by way of ducts

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14
Q

Ducts are what?

A

Small tubes extending outward from exocrine glands

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15
Q

What do endocrine glands do?

A

Secrete hormones into blood for transport throughout body

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16
Q

Do covering and lining epithelia exhibit polarity?

A

Yes!

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17
Q

What is the exposed/unattached side of epithelial tissue?

A

Apical surface

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18
Q

What is the side of epithelial tissue that is attached to deeper connective tissue?

A

Basal surface

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19
Q

What connects the basal surface of epithelial tissue to connective tissue?

A

Basement membrane

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20
Q

What surfaces of an epithelial cell are connected to other epithelial cells?

A

Lateral surfaces

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21
Q

How are epithelial cells classified?

A

By the number of layers and shape

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22
Q

Single layer of epithelial cells

A

Simple epithelium

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23
Q

Multilayered arrangement of epithelial cells

A

Stratified epithelium

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24
Q

Advantage of simple epithelium? Of stratified?

A

Simple allows for more diffusion/secretion/absorption

Stratified allows for more protection

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25
Name the 4 shapes of epithelial cells
Squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional
26
Epithelial cell that is flat with a thin nucleus
Squamous
27
Epithelial cell that is cube-shaped with centrally located nucleus
Cuboidal
28
Epithelial cell that is tall and narrow with an oval nucleus located near basal surface
Columnar
29
Which type of epithelial tissue changes from round to flat when it is stretched
Transitional
30
What are goblet cells?
Single called exocrine glands in columnar epithelial cells that produce and secrete mucus
31
Describe the layers in a stratified squamous epithelium arrangement
Superficial layers are squamous, deepest layers are cuboidal or columnar
32
What does keratinized refer to?
When the superficial squamous layers of a stratified squamous epithelium tissue is filled with a tough protein called keratin (protective)
33
How do you identify pseudo stratified epithelial cells?
All cells contact the basement membrane; not all cells reach the apical surface
34
What are the most abundant tissues within the body?
Connective tissue
35
How does connective tissue compare to epithelial tissue?
Connective tissue has fewer cells spaced more widely apart
36
What is the substance that fills the space between connective tissue cells?
Matrix
37
Matrix is composed of what?
Ground substance and protein fibers
38
What is ground substance?
Water based substance containing inorganic and organic compounds
39
The compounds in what determine if it is hard, gelatinous, fluid or semi fluid?
Ground substance
40
Name the three types of protein fibers found in matrix
Collagen, elastic, and reticular
41
Describe collagen fibers
Composed of collagen; convey strength and flexibility
42
Describe elastic fibers
Composed of elastin; convey elasticity
43
Describe reticular fibers
Composed of collagen; branching fibers that provide internal support for soft tissues
44
Name the two types of connective tissues
Connective tissue proper and specialized connective tissues
45
Name the two types of connective tissue proper
Dense and loose connective tissue
46
Describe loose connective tissue
Low density of loosely arranged protein fibers that weave in between the cells
47
Describe dense connective tissue
High density of protein fibers that leaves little room for ground substance and cells
48
Name the 5 different types of specialized connective tissue
Adipose, reticular, cartilage, bone, blood
49
What is the most abundant cell type in loose connective tissue?
Fibroblast
50
What is a fibroblast?
A large cell capable of movement throughout semifluid ground substance
51
What do fibroblasts secrete?
Protein fibers of the loose matrix and many ground substance molecules
52
What do mast cells do?
Produce substances to fight infections
53
What do macrophages do?
Remove unwanted substances by phagocytosis
54
What do elastic fibers look like?
Thin dark purple strands
55
What do collagen fibers look like?
Thick beige or pink bands
56
Name the 3 types of dense connective tissue
Dense connective tissue, regular type; dense connective tissue, irregular type; elastic tissue
57
What types of connective tissue only contain a high density of collagen fibers?
Dense connective tissue regular and irregular types
58
Which type of connective tissue contains a high density of collagen and elastic fibers?
Elastic tissue
59
In regular dense connective tissue, the collagen fiber are organized in what manner? How do they appear microscopically?
Parallel; organized
60
In irregular dense connective tissue, collagen fibers are arranged how? How do they appear microscopically?
In multiple directions; unorganized
61
Elastic tissue is a specialized version of what type of tissue?
Dense connective tissue, regular type
62
What makes elastic tissue different from dense connective tissue, regular type?
It contains a high density of elastic fibers in addition to collagen fibers
63
Adipose tissue is a specialized version of what?
Connective tissue
64
What cells are adipose tissue primarily comprised of?
Adipocytes
65
What are adipose cells capable of doing?
Housing a large volume of lipid molecules within lipid vacuoles located inside the cells
66
Why do adipose cells appear empty
The lipid vacuole grows so large that the nucleus and cytoplasm are pushed against the plasma membrane
67
What is reticular tissue dominated by appearance wise?
Thin, branching reticular fibers
68
What makes the fibers and ground substance in reticular tissue?
Reticular cells
69
Reticular cells are a special type of what?
Fibroblast
70
What is the primary function of reticular tissue?
To form internal scaffolding that support the structure of some softer organs
71
Epithelial tissue is innervated (true or false)
True
72
Describe transitional epithelium
Cells in process of changing between rounded and flattened shape, which allows organ to expand and contract
73
How to the apical cells of transitional epithelium compare to the basal layer?
Apical cells can become flattened during stretching and rounded during relaxation, while basal cells remain rounded
74
What makes cartilage tissue unique?
Gelatinous ground substance
75
What does the ground substance of cartilage tissue contain? What characteristics does this give cartilage tissue?
Protein (elastic and collagen) fiber matrix give tissue flexibility and resistance to stress
76
Produces ground substance and fibers in cartilage tissue
Chondroblasts
77
What are chondrocytes isolated in?
Cartilage lacunae “little lakes”
78
Mature chondroblasts are called
Chondrocytes
79
Region of cartilage tissue that contains blood vessels; what does it provide?
Perichondrium; nourishment for chondrocytes
80
Name the 3 types of cartilage tissue
Hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage
81
Large protein-sugar molecules found in ground substance of cartilage
Chondroitin sulfate
82
Can you see collagen fibers in hyaline cartilage?
No, too much chondroitin sulfate
83
Can you see collagen fibers in fibrocartilage?
Yes, thin wavy lines
84
What are the characteristics of fibrocartilage?
Dense and slightly flexible with bundles of collagen fibers
85
What type of fibers dominate elastic cartilage?
Elastic fibers
86
How do elastic fibers appear in elastic cartilage?
Thin, dark purple, branching
87
What inorganic salts does bone tissue contain?
Calcium phosphate
88
Onion like layers of bone tissue are called?
Lamellae
89
Immature bone cells that produce bone’s extra cellular matrix
Osteoblasts
90
Cemented osteoblasts are called? What are they now called?
Bone lacunae; osteocytes
91
Tiny canals filled with interstitial fluid that interconnect the lacunae
Canaliculi
92
Two types of bone
Spongey bone and compact bone
93
Thin plates within spongey bone are called what? What is produced in the spaced between?
Trabeculae; red bone marrow produces formed elements
94
Repeating cylindrical units within compact bone
Osteons
95
What 2 parts does each osteon contain?
Central canal surrounded by concentric lacunae
96
What type of extra cellular matrix does blood have?
Fluid
97
What type of tissue is blood?
Connective
98
The ground substance of blood is called
Plasma
99
What are formed elements?
Cellular components of blood
100
Name the formed elements
RBC, WBC, platelet
101
Function of RBC
Transport respiratory gasses
102
Function of WBC
Defensive cells that protect the body
103
What are platelets involved in?
Clotting

Anatomy 1 (6 decks)

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